The Charter of Carnaro (Carta del Carnaro in Italian Italian ( italiano , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 60 million people in Italy, and by another 10 million Italian descendants in the world, making it spoken by a total of 70 million native speakers. It is also spoken by an additional 125 million people as a foreign language. In Switzerland, Italian is one of four) was the constitution of the Italian Regency of Carnaro The Italian Regency of Carnaro was proclaimed as a state by Gabriele D'Annunzio in Fiume, now the city of Rijeka in Croatia, on September 8, 1920. The name was taken from the Kvarner Bay (Golfo del Carnaro in Italian, Kvarnerski zaljev in Croatian), where the city is located. The self-proclaimed state never received any recognition and in December, a short-lived government in Fiume Rijeka (other Croatian dialects: Reka or Rika, Slovene: Reka, Italian and Hungarian Fiume, German: Sankt Veit am Flaum or Pflaum ) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. It has 144,043 inhabitants (270,000 for greater area in 2001) and is Croatia's third largest city. The majority of its citizens, (Rijeka), proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio Gabriele D'Annunzio was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist, dramatist, and daredevil. His role in politics is controversial due to his influence on the Italian Fascist movement and his status as the alleged forerunner of Benito Mussolini on 8 September 1920. Following the Treaty of Rapallo The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , signed to solve the dispute over some territories in the upper Adriatic, known as the Julian March the regime of D'Annunzio was ousted by Italian military forces at Christmas 1920, and by 31 December the Free State of Fiume The Free State of Fiume (Italian:Stato libero di Fiume, Hungarian: Fiumei Szabad Állam, also known as the Free State of Rijeka was an independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory comprised 28 km2 (11 sq mi) with the city of Rijeka (in Italian Fiume) and rural areas to its north with a corridor connecting it to the had been established. Misleadingly the Charter of Carnaro is sometimes also referred to as the "Constitution for the free state of Fiume" even if it has no relation to the Free State.
The constitution combined anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which consider the state to be unnecessary, harmful, or otherwise undesirable, and favour instead a stateless society or anarchy. Individual anarchists may have additional criteria for what they conceive to be anarchism, and there is often broad disagreement concerning these, proto-fascist Fascists advocate the creation of a single-party state, with the belief that the majority is unsuited to govern itself through democracy and by reaffirming the benefits of inequality. Fascist governments forbid and suppress openness and opposition to the fascist state and the fascist movement. Fascism opposes class conflict, blames capitalism and, and democratic republican A Republican democracy is a republic which has democratic forms of government. One of the key principles is free and open debate prior to casting a vote. The United States of America is a Democratic Republic. A republic in the modern understanding is a nation or state where the people are sovereign. It is not a monarchy, where the king or queen is ideas. D'Annunzio is often seen as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of Italian fascism. His own explicit political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored with syndicalist Syndicalism is a type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism and state socialism which uses federations of collectivized trade unions. For adherents, labor unions are the potential means of both overcoming economic aristocracy and running society fairly in the interest of the majority, through union democracy. Industry in a Alceste De Ambris. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. The charter is notorious for designating "music Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses"" to be the fundamental principle of the state.
Corporations
The constitution established a corporatist state Corporatism is a system of economic, political, or social organization or thought that views a community as a body based upon organic social solidarity and functional distinction and roles amongst individuals. Formal corporatist models are based upon the contract of corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labour, military,, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy, where membership was mandatory, plus a tenth corporation devised by D'Annunzio, to represent the "superior individuals" (e.g. poets, "heroes" and "supermen"). The other nine were as follows:
- Industrial and Agricultural Workers
- Seafarers
- Employers
- Industrial and Agricultural Technicians
- Private Bureaucrats and Administrators
- Teachers and Students
- Lawyers and Doctors
- Civil Servants
- Co-operative Workers
Executive
The executive power would be vested in seven ministers (rettori):
- Foreign Affairs
- Treasury
- Education
- Police and Justice
- Defense
- Public Economy
- Labor
Legislature
The legislative power was vested in a bicameral legislature. Joint sessions of (Arengo del Carnaro), would be responsible for treaties with foreign powers, amendments to the constitution, and appointmen of a dictator in times of emergency.
- Council of the Best (Consiglio degli Ottimi) - Elected by universal suffrage for a 3 year term - 1 councilor per 1000 population Responsible for legislation concerning civil and criminal justice, police, armed forces, education, intellectual life and relations between the central government and communes
- Council of Corporations (Consiglio dei Provvisori) - 60 members chosen by nine corporations for a 2 year term - Responsible for laws regulating business and commerce, labor relations, public services, transportation and merchant shipping, tariffs and trade, public works, medical and legal professions
Judiciary
Judicial power vested in the courts
- Supreme Court, (Corte della Ragione, literally "Court of Reason")
- Communal Courts, (Buoni Uomini, literally "Good Men")
- Labour Court (Giudici del Lavoro)
- Civil Court (Giudici Togati, literally "Judges in toga")
- Criminal Court (Giudici del Maleficio)
Impact
Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, KSMOM GCTE was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. He became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by 1925. After 1936, his official title was "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, was influenced by the Fascist portions of the constitution, and by D'Annunzio's style of leadership as a whole. As the Fascist movement came to power in Italy, D'Annunzio moved towards it, and became close with Mussolini. De Ambris, however, was a staunch opponent of Fascism, calling the movement "a filthy pawn."
See also
- Doctrine of Fascism
- Gabriele D'Annunzio Gabriele D'Annunzio was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist, dramatist, and daredevil. His role in politics is controversial due to his influence on the Italian Fascist movement and his status as the alleged forerunner of Benito Mussolini
- Rijeka Rijeka (other Croatian dialects: Reka or Rika, Slovene: Reka, Italian and Hungarian Fiume, German: Sankt Veit am Flaum or Pflaum ) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. It has 144,043 (2001) inhabitants[citation needed]. The majority of its citizens, 80.39% (2001 census), are Croats. The
External links
- http://www.reakt.org/fiume/charter_of_carnaro.html
- http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/
- http://www.karr.net/Constitution_of_Fiume/etexts.htm
Categories: Italian fascism | Rijeka | Constitutions of former countries
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he and one of his anarchist friends wrote the . constitution. , which declared music to be the central principle of state. the navy (made up of deserters and milanese anarchist maritime unionists) named themselves the uscochi, ...
