The Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg[1] (informally the Electorate of Hanover; German German (Deutsch, [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union. Around the world, German is spoken by approximately 105 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native: Churfürstentum Braunschweig und Lüneburg) became the ninth Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation The Holy Roman Empire (HRE; German: Heiliges Römisches Reich , Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI)) was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved in 1692, when the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Habsburg (June 9, 1640 – May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margarita of Austria. He was also a first cousin of his rival, Louis XIV, elevated Duke Ernest Augustus to the rank of Elector The Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Kurfürst ( listen (help·info)), pl. Kurfürsten, Latin: Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors of the Empire as a reward for aid given in the War of the Grand Alliance The Nine Years' War – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th century fought primarily on mainland Europe but also encompassing theatres in Ireland and North America. In Ireland it is often called the Williamite War, and in North America is commonly known as King. There were protests against the addition of a new Elector, and the elevation did not become official until the approval of the Imperial Diet The Reichstag was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently of the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. The main chamber of the German parliament is now called Bundestag ("Federal Diet"), but the building in which it meets is still called "Reichstag" (see Reichstag (building)) in 1708.
History
Main article: History of HanoverIn 1714, George Louis George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698 became king of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801. It was created by the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England, under the Acts of Union 1707, to create a single kingdom encompassing the whole of the island of Great, whereby Brunswick-Lüneburg and Great Britain were joined in personal union A personal union is the combination by which two or more different states are governed by the same monarch while their boundaries, their laws and their interests remain distinct. It should not be confused with a federation which is internationally considered a single state. Nor is it to be confused with dynastic union, where the union can be under. The possessions of the electors grew in Germany as well, as they inherited the formerly Swedish Sweden was, between 1611 and 1718, one of the great powers of Europe. In modern historiography this period is known as the Swedish Empire, or stormaktstiden territories of Bremen and Verden in 1719, and as part of the German Mediatisation of 1803, the Electorate received the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück was a prince-bishopric centered on the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück. The diocese was erected in 772 and is the oldest see founded by Charlemagne, in order to Christianize the conquered stem-duchy of Saxony. However the electors spent most of their time in England. Direct contact with the electorate was maintained through the office of the German Chancery, situated in St James's Palace in London London is the capital of the United Kingdom and England. It has been an influential city for two millennia and its history goes back to its founding by the Romans. The city's core, the ancient City of London, still retains its limited medieval boundaries. However, since at least the nineteenth century, the name "London" has also referred.
In 1803, the electorate was occupied by French The French Empire , also known as the Greater French Empire or First French Empire, but more commonly known as the Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon I in France. It was the dominant power of much of continental Europe during the early 19th Century and Prussian troops after the Convention of Artlenburg. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was abolished. Following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, the former electorate's territories together with territories ceded from Prussia was created into the Kingdom of Westphalia, ruled by Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Napoleon I, and previously Napoleone di Buonaparte, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century's brother Jérôme Bonaparte Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte, French Prince, King of Westphalia, 1st Prince of Montfort was the youngest brother of Napoleon, who made him king of Westphalia (1807-1813). After 1848, when his nephew Louis Napoleon became President of the French Republic, he served in several official roles. However, the government of George III did not recognize the French annexation, being at war continuously with France through the entire period, and Hanoverian ministers continued to operate out of London. The government of Brunswick-Lüneburg maintained its own separate diplomatic service, which maintained links to countries such as Austria The Austrian Empire was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by combining the Royal House with that of Hungary creating the dual monarchy Austria–Hungary (also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918), and Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and, from 1871 until the defeat of Germany in World War I, was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising almost two-thirds of the area of the empire. It took its name from the territory of Prussia, although its power base was Brandenburg, with whom the United Kingdom itself was technically at war. The army of Brunswick-Lüneburg was dissolved, but many of the officers and soldiers went to England, where they formed the King's German Legion. The Legion was the only German army to fight continually during the whole Napoleonic wars against the French.
French control lasted until October 1813 when the territory was overrun by Russian Cossack Cossacks were members of militaristic communities living in Ukraine and southern Russia troops, and the Battle of the Nations The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations, fought on 16–19 October 1813, was one of the most decisive defeats suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte. The battle was fought on German soil and involved German troops on both sides, as a large proportion of Napoleon's troops actually came from the German Confederation of the Rhine. The battle involved at Leipzig later the same month spelled the definitive end to the Napoleonic client state, as well as the entire Confederation of the Rhine The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation was a client state of the First French Empire. It was formed initially from 16 German states by Napoleon after he defeated Austria's Francis II and Russia's Alexander I in the Battle of Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg, in effect, led to the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine. It, after which the rule of the House of Hanover The House of Hanover is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Braunschweig-Lüneburg), the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in was restored. Hanover became a kingdom The Kingdom of Hanover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era. The Congress of Vienna also instituted a territorial exchange between Hanover and the Kingdom of Prussia, in which Hanover increased its area substantially, gaining the, at the Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1814.
Electors of Hanover
Main article: House of Hanover The House of Hanover is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Braunschweig-Lüneburg), the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria inIn 1692, the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Habsburg (June 9, 1640 – May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margarita of Austria. He was also a first cousin of his rival, Louis XIV, elevated Ernest Augustus, son of Duke George, to the rank of Elector The Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Kurfürst ( listen (help·info)), pl. Kurfürsten, Latin: Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors of the Empire as a reward for aid given in the War of the Grand Alliance The Nine Years' War – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th century fought primarily on mainland Europe but also encompassing theatres in Ireland and North America. In Ireland it is often called the Williamite War, and in North America is commonly known as King. There were protests against the addition of a new Elector, and the elevation did not become official until the approval of the Imperial Diet The Reichstag was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently of the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. The main chamber of the German parliament is now called Bundestag ("Federal Diet"), but the building in which it meets is still called "Reichstag" (see Reichstag (building)) in 1708, in the person of Ernest Augustus' son, George Louis George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. Though the Elector's titles were properly Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he is commonly referred to as the Elector of Hanover after his residence.
The Electorate was legally bound to be indivisible: it could add to its territory, but not alienate territory or be split up among several heirs; and its succession was to follow male primogeniture. The territory assigned to the Electorate included the Brunswick-Lüneburg duchies of Calenberg, Grubenhagen, and Celle (even though at the time Celle was ruled by Ernest Augustus' older brother) and the counties of Diepholz and Hoya.
- George I George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698 (1708–1727)
- George II George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death (1727–1760)
- George III George III was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was concurrently Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire until his (1760–1814)
References
- ^ The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was divided into different principalities of which "Hanover" became an electorate using the name of the entire duchy.
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Categories: Former countries in Europe | States of the Holy Roman Empire | Former monarchies of Europe | States and territories established in 1708 | 1814 disestablishments | King's German Legion
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