The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese Chinese or the Sinitic language (汉语/漢語, pinyin: Hànyǔ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) is a language family consisting of languages mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About: 百團大戰) (August 20 August 20 is the 232nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 133 days remaining until the end of the year – December 5 December 5 is the 339th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 26 days remaining until the end of the year, 1940 Year 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar)[3] was a major campaign of the Communist Party of China The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China and the world's largest political party. While not a governing body recognized by P. R. China's constitution, the Party's position as the supreme political authority and power in P. R's Red Army The PLA is the world's second largest military force, with approximately 3 million members , and has the world's largest (active) standing army, with approximately 2.25 million members (see List of countries by number of active troops). The PLA comprises five main service branches consisting of the PLA Ground Force, PLA Navy (PLAN), PLA Air Force ( commanded by Peng Dehuai Peng Dehuai (October 24, 1898 - November 29, 1974) was a prominent military leader of the Communist Party of China, and China's Defence Minister from 1954 to 1959. Peng was an important commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese civil war and was also the commander-in-chief of People's Volunteer Army in the Korean War. He fell from against the Imperial Japanese Army The Imperial Japanese Army (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍, Shinjitai: 大日本帝国陸軍, Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or literally Army of the Empire of Greater Japan was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of War, in Central China China has one of the world's oldest and continuous civilizations, consisting of states and cultures dating back more than six millennia.[citation needed] It has the world's longest continuously used written language system,[citation needed] and is viewed as the source of many major inventions. Historically, China's cultural sphere has extended.
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Background
Between 1939 and 1940, the Japanese occupiers launched more than 109 small campaigns involving around 1,000 combatants each and 10 large campaigns of 10,000 men each to wipe out Communist guerrillas in the Hebei Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Hébĕi; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀" (pinyin: jì), named after Ji Province (冀州 Jì Zhōu), a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north and Shandong Shandong (simplified Chinese: 山 plains. In addition, Wang Jingwei's Wang Jingwei (May 4, 1883 – November 10, 1944), alternate name Wang Zhaoming (traditional Chinese: 汪兆銘), was a Chinese politician. He was initially known as a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT), but he was staunchly anti-Communist, and his politics veered sharply to the right later in his career. A close associate of Sun Yat- anti-Communist puppet government had its offensive against the CCP guerrillas. Also, there was a general sentiment among the anti-Japanese resistance forces, particularly in the Kuomintang The Kuomintang of China , translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s. It is the founding and the ruling political party of the ROC. The headquarters of the KMT is located in Taipei, Taiwan, and it is currently the majority party in terms of seats in the, that the CCP was not contributing enough to the war effort, and that they were only interested in expanding their power base. It was out of these circumstances that the CCP planned to stage a great offensive to prove that they were helping the war effort and to amend KMT-CCP relations.
The Battle
Further information: Order of Battle: Hundred Regiments OffensiveThe Japanese North China Area Army estimated the strength of communist regulars to be about 88,000 in December 1939. Two years later, they revised the estimate to 140,000. On the eve of the battle, the Communist forces grew to 400,000 men strong, in 115 regiments. The extraordinary success and expansion of the Eighth Route Army against the Japanese had Zhu De Zhū Dé was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. He is regarded as the founder of the Chinese Red Army (the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army) and the tactician who engineered the revolution from which emerged the People's Republic of China and the rest of the military leadership hoping that they could engage the Japanese army and win.
By 1940, growth was so impressive that Zhu De ordered a coordinated offensive by most of the communist regulars (46 regiments from the 115th Division, 47 from the 129th, and 22 from the 120th) against the Japanese-held cities and the railway lines linking them. From 20 August August 20 is the 232nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 133 days remaining until the end of the year to 10 September September 10 is the 253rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 112 days remaining until the end of the year, communist forces attacked the railway line that separated the communist base areas, chiefly those from Dezhou to Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang is a newly industrialized city. It experienced dramatic growth only after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and was relatively unknown until then in Hebei Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Hébĕi; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀" (pinyin: jì), named after Ji Province (冀州 Jì Zhōu), a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north, Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan Taiyuan is a prefecture-level city and the capital of Shanxi province, China. In 2004, the city had a population of 3.4 million in central Shanxi Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. Its one-character abbreviation is Jin (晋 pinyin jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period, and Taiyuan to Datong Datong is a city in the northern Shanxi Province in China, and is located a few hundred kilometres west by rail from Beijing with an elevation of 1090 meters. It has a population of approximately 3.11 million in northern Shanxi. They succeeded in blowing up bridges and tunnels and ripping up track, and went on for the rest of September to attack Japanese garrisons frontally, taking excessive casualties (22,000 regulars, compared to Japanese losses of 3,000 or 4,000). In all, about six hundred miles of railways were destroyed and the Chingching coal mine, which was important to the Japanese war industry, was rendered inoperative for six months. It was the greatest victory the CCP fought and won during the war.
However, from October to December, the Japanese responded in force, reasserting control of railway lines and conducting aggressive "mopping up operations" in the rural areas around them.
Aftermath
When General Yasuji Okamura Yasuji Okamura was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and commander-in-chief of the China Expeditionary Army from November 1944 to the end of World War II took command of the North China Area Army in the summer, the new approach was "Three All The Three Alls Policy was a Japanese scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls being: "Kill All", "Burn All" and "Loot All". In Japanese documents, the policy was originally referred to as "The Burn to Ash Strategy" (燼滅作戦, Jinmetsu Sakusen?). This policy was designed" meaning 'kill all, burn all, and destroy all' in those areas containing Anti-Japanese forces.
Peng was criticized by Mao for revealing the number of the Communist forces to the Kuomintang The Kuomintang of China , translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s. It is the founding and the ruling political party of the ROC. The headquarters of the KMT is located in Taipei, Taiwan, and it is currently the majority party in terms of seats in the. Thus, the Hundred Regiments Offensive became the last of the two major Communist frontal engagements against the Japanese during the war. During the Cultural Revolution The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People’s Republic of China between 1966 and 1976, resulting in nation-wide chaos and economic disarray, Peng's action was one of the pretexts used by the Gang of Four that led to his downfall.
Sources
- The Battle of One Hundred Regiments, from Kataoka, Tetsuya; Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and the Second United Front.Berkeley: University of California Press, [1974]. [1]
References
- ^ Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945; Garver, John W.; pg. 120.
- ^ Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945; Garver, John W.; pg. 120.
- ^ Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1937–1945; Johnson, Chalmers A.; pg. 57.
External links
- Map of the 100 Regiments Offensive
- Map of the 100 Regiments Offensive and Japanese counter attacks with units ID
- Axis History Forum:100 Regiments Offensive discussion, maps
Categories: Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War | 1940 in China | 1940 in Japan | Military history of the People's Republic of China
