The Italian Regency of Carnaro (Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro in Italian Italian ( italiano , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 60 million people in Italy, and by a total of around 70 million in the world. In Switzerland, Italian is one of four official languages. It is also the official language of San Marino, as well as the primary language of Vatican City. Standard Italian, adopted by the) was proclaimed as a state by Gabriele D'Annunzio Gabriele d'Annunzio was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist, dramatist, and daredevil who went on to have a controversial role in politics as an influence on the Italian Fascist movement and the alleged forerunner of Benito Mussolini in Fiume, now the city of Rijeka Rijeka (other Croatian dialects: Reka or Rika, Slovene: Reka, Italian and Hungarian Fiume, German: Sankt Veit am Flaum or Pflaum ) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. It has 144,043 inhabitants (270,000 for greater area in 2001) and is Croatia's third largest city. The majority of its citizens, in Croatia Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ; Croatian: Hr̀vātskā pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a country in Southeastern Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital (and largest city) is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia, on September 8 September 8 is the 251st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 114 days remaining until the end of the year, 1920 Year 1920 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. The name was taken from the Kvarner Bay The Kvarner Gulf (Croatian: Kvarnerski zaljev, Italian: Golfo del Quarnaro ); sometimes also Kvarner Bay, in Italian Quarnaro or Carnaro) is a bay in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istrian peninsula and the northern Croatian seacoast (Golfo del Carnaro in Italian, Kvarnerski zaljev in Croatian The Croatian language is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Croatian minorities in some neighbouring countries, in the Italian region of Molise, and parts of the Croatian diaspora), where the city is located. The self-proclaimed state never received any recognition and in December it was replaced by the Free State of Fiume The Free State of Fiume (Italian:Stato libero di Fiume, Hungarian: Fiumei Szabad Állam, also known as the Free State of Rijeka was an independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory comprised 28 km2 (11 sq mi) with the city of Rijeka (in Italian Fiume) and rural areas to its north with a corridor connecting it to the.
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History
Gabriele D'Annunzio was angered by the proposed handing over of the city of Fiume at the Paris Peace Conference The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors in World War I to set the peace terms for Germany and other defeated nations, and to deal with the empires of the defeated powers following the Armistice of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 30 countries. They met, discussed and came up with a, and on September 12 September 12 is the 255th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 110 days remaining until the end of the year, 1919 Year 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar), he led the seizure by Italian nationalist irregulars of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces. The plotters sought to have Italy Italy /ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The annex Fiume, but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender.
D'Annunzio then proclaimed the city to be under the Italian Regency of Carnaro with a constitution foreshadowing much of the later Italian Fascist Fascism, pronounced /ˈfæʃɪzəm/, comprises a radical and authoritarian nationalist political ideology and a corporatist economic ideology system, with himself as dictator, with the title of Duce Duce is an Italian word meaning leader or the second, derived from Latin word dux in singular accusative case "ducem" which means to lead, of which Duke is a derivation. Other Italian leaders whose names derive from dux are the Doges of Venice and Genoa, and the title of nobility duca. D'Annunzio ignored the Treaty of Rapallo The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , signed to solve the dispute over some territories in the upper Adriatic, known as the Julian March and declared war on Italy itself, only finally surrendering the city in December 1920 after a bombardment by the Italian navy.
Constitution
Main article: Charter of Carnaro
The Charter of Carnaro or Carta del Carnaro, was a constitution that combined anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which consider the state, as compulsory government, to be unnecessary, harmful, and/or undesirable, and promote the elimination of the state or anarchy. Specific anarchists may have additional criteria for what constitutes anarchism, and they often disagree with each other on, proto-fascist Fascism, pronounced /ˈfæʃɪzəm/, comprises a radical and authoritarian nationalist political ideology and a corporatist economic ideology, and democratic republican A Republican democracy is a republic which has democratic forms of government. One of the key principals is free and open debate prior to casting a vote. The United States of America is a Democratic Republic. A republic in the modern understanding is a nation or state where the people are sovereign. It is not a monarchy, where the king or queen is ideas. D'Annunzio is often seen as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of Italian fascism. His own explicit political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored with syndicalist Syndicalism is a type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism and state socialism which uses federations of collectivist trade unions. For adherents, labor unions are the potential means of both overcoming capitalist exploitation of the workers and running society fairly in the interest of the majority. Industry in a Alceste De Ambris. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. De Ambris was the leader of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then given their vessel to the service of D'Annunzio. The constitution established a corporatist state, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy, where membership was mandatory, plus a tenth corporation devised by D'Annunzio, to represent the superior individuals.
D'Annunzio on a postage stamp of Fiume, 1920The legislative power vested in a bicameral legislature consisting of a Council of the Best (Consiglio degli Ottimi) and a Council of Corporations (Consiglio dei Provvisori). Joint sessions of the Councils (Arengo del Carnaro), would be responsible for treaties with foreign powers, amendments to the constitution, and appointment of a dictator in times of emergency. The charter designates "music Music is an art form whose medium is sound organized in time. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses"" to be one of the fundamental principles of the state.
See also
- Governors and Heads of State of Fiume
- Postage stamps and postal history of Fiume
- Free State of Fiume The Free State of Fiume (Italian:Stato libero di Fiume, Hungarian: Fiumei Szabad Állam, also known as the Free State of Rijeka was an independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory comprised 28 km2 (11 sq mi) with the city of Rijeka (in Italian Fiume) and rural areas to its north with a corridor connecting it to the
- Irredentism Irredentism is any position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. Some of these movements are also called pan-nationalist movements. It is a feature of identity politics and cultural and political geography. Because most borders have
External links
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