The Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize is a Swedish prize, established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. An associated prize, The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was instituted by Sweden's central bank in in Literature (Swedish Swedish ( svenska ) is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Åland islands. It is to a considerable extent mutually intelligible with Norwegian and to a lesser extent with Danish (see especially "Classification"). Along: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel (Stockholm, Sweden, 21 October 1833 – Sanremo, Italy, 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its previous role as an iron and steel mill. In his last will, he used his, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning).[1][2] The "work" in this case refers to an author's work as a whole, though individual works are sometimes also cited. The Swedish Academy The Swedish Academy , founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Modelled after the Académie française, it has 18 members. The motto of the Academy is "Talent and Taste" ("Snille och Smak" in Swedish). The primary purpose of the Academy is to further the "purity, strength, and sublimity decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year and announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October.[3]

Nobel's choice of emphasis on "idealistic" or "ideal" (in English translation) in his criteria for the Nobel Prize in Literature has led to recurrent controversy. (In the original Swedish, the word idealisk can be translated as either "idealistic" or "ideal".[2]) In the early twentieth century, the Nobel Committee interpreted the intent of the will strictly and did not award certain world-renowned authors of the time such as Leo Tolstoy Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й​ , Russian pronunciation: [lʲɛv nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj]; September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 – November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910), was a Russian writer widely regarded as among the greatest of novelists. His masterpieces War and, Henrik Ibsen Henrik Johan Ibsen was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as the "father of modern drama" and is one of the founders of modernism in the theatre. His plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when Victorian values of family life and propriety largely held sway in and Henry James Henry James, O.M. – February 28, 1916) was a U.S.-born British author. James is one of the key figures of 19th century literary realism. The son of theologian Henry James, Sr., brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James, he spent much of his life in England and became a British subject shortly before his.[4] More recently, the wording has been interpreted more liberally, and the Prize is awarded both for lasting literary merit and for evidence of consistent idealism on some significant level, most recently a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale, and hence more political, some would argue.[2][5]

"The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount". In 2008 the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the French France (pronounced /ˈfræns/ or /ˈfrɑːns/; French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the writer J. M. G. Le Clézio, who was cited as "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"; he received a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK The krona has been the currency of Sweden since 1873. It is locally abbreviated kr. The plural form is kronor and one krona is subdivided into 100 öre (singular and plural). The currency is sometimes informally referred to as the "Swedish crown" in English (since krona literally means crown in Swedish). The Swedish krona also circulates (slightly more than € The euro is the official currency of 16 of the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). The states, known collectively as the Eurozone, are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also used in a further five European1 million, or US$ The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents (200 half-cents prior to 1857)1.4 million).

The Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism in recent years. Some contend that many well-known writers have not been awarded the prize or even been nominated, whereas others contend that some well-known recipients do not deserve it. There have also been controversies involving alleged political interests relating to the nomination process and ultimate selection of some of the recent literary Laureates.[5]

Contents

Nomination procedure

2008 Announcement of the Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature at the Swedish Academy, Stockholm

Each year the Swedish Academy The Swedish Academy , founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Modelled after the Académie française, it has 18 members. The motto of the Academy is "Talent and Taste" ("Snille och Smak" in Swedish). The primary purpose of the Academy is to further the "purity, strength, and sublimity sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" , and therefore the academic study of literature is known as Letters (as in the phrase "Arts and Letters"). In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and nonfiction. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. However, it is not permitted to nominate oneself.[6]

Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and about fifty proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, and by summer the list is reduced further to some five names. The subsequent months are then spent in reviewing the works of eligible candidates. In October members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel Laureate in Literature. The process is similar to that of other Nobel Prizes.[7]

The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but at present stands at ten million Swedish kronor The krona has been the currency of Sweden since 1873. It is locally abbreviated kr. The plural form is kronor and one krona is subdivided into 100 öre (singular and plural). The currency is sometimes informally referred to as the "Swedish crown" in English (since krona literally means crown in Swedish). The Swedish krona also circulates.[8] The winner also receives a gold medal and a Nobel diploma and is invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm Stockholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkhɔlm]) is the capital and largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the official residence of the Swedish monarch. As of 2008, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to around 21% of Sweden's population and contributes 35% of Sweden's gross domestic; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on December 10.[9]

Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections

Selma Lagerlöf Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsɛlma ʊˈtiːlɪa lʊˈviːsa ˈlɑːgərˌløːv] ; 20 November 1858–16 March 1940) was a Swedish author. She was the first woman writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, and most widely known for her children's book Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (The Wonderful receives the Nobel Prize in Literature.

The Prize in Literature Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" , and therefore the academic study of literature is known as Letters (as in the phrase "Arts and Letters"). In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and nonfiction has a history of controversial awards and notorious snubs. Many notable literati have noted that more indisputably major writers have been ignored by the Nobel committee than have been honored by it, including Marcel Proust Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, essayist, and critic, best known as the author of À la recherche du temps perdu (in English, In Search of Lost Time; earlier translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction published in seven parts from, James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish expatriate author of the 20th century. He is known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake (1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners (1914) and the semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), Vladimir Nabokov Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1899,c Saint Petersburg – 2 July 1977, Montreux) was a multilingual Russian novelist and short story writer. Nabokov wrote his first nine novels in Russian, then rose to international prominence as a master English prose stylist. He also made contributions to entomology and had an interest, Jorge Luis Borges Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine writer and poet born in Buenos Aires. In 1914, his family moved to Switzerland where he attended school and traveled to Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in Surrealist literary journals. He also, and others, often for political or extra-literary reasons.[10]

From 1901 to 1912, the committee was characterized by an interpretation of the "ideal direction" stated in Nobel's will as "a lofty and sound idealism", which caused Leo Tolstoy Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й​ , Russian pronunciation: [lʲɛv nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj]; September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 – November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910), was a Russian writer widely regarded as among the greatest of novelists. His masterpieces War and, Henrik Ibsen Henrik Johan Ibsen was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as the "father of modern drama" and is one of the founders of modernism in the theatre. His plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when Victorian values of family life and propriety largely held sway in, Émile Zola Émile François Zola (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was an influential French writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of naturalism, an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism, and a major figure in the political liberalisation of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted and Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens , better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He is extensively quoted. During his lifetime, Twain became a friend to presidents, to be rejected.[4] During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries.[4]

Karel Čapek Dr. Karel Čapek (pronounced [ˈkarɛl ˈtʃapɛk] ) (January 9, 1890 – December 25, 1938) was one of the most influential Czech writers of the 20th century. He introduced and made popular the frequently used international word robot, which first appeared in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) in 1921. Karel credited his brother, Josef Č's "War With the Newts" was considered too offensive to the German government, and he declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work ("Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation").[11]

According to Swedish Academy The Swedish Academy , founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Modelled after the Académie française, it has 18 members. The motto of the Academy is "Talent and Taste" ("Snille och Smak" in Swedish). The primary purpose of the Academy is to further the "purity, strength, and sublimity archives studied by newspaper Le Monde Le Monde is a French daily evening newspaper with a circulation as of 2004[update] of 371,803. It is considered the French newspaper of record, and is generally well respected, often the only French newspaper easily obtainable in non-Francophone countries on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux André Malraux was a French author, adventurer and statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s, competing with Albert Camus Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French author, philosopher, and journalist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1957. He is often associated with existentialism, but Camus refused this label. He wrote in his essay, The Rebel, that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply; he was however rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, "so long as he does not come back to novel", and Camus won the prize in 1957.[12]

Some attribute W. H. Auden Wystan Hugh Auden who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, born in England, later an American citizen, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. His work is noted for its stylistic and technical achievements, its engagement with moral and political issues, and its variety of tone, form and content's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize is one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize should be awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and winner Dag Hammarskjöld Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld ( Dag Hammarskjöld ) (29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat, author, and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. He served from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in September 1961. He is the only person to have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize posthumously. Hammarskj's Vägmärken (Markings)[13] and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual Homosexuality refers to sexual attraction or sexual behavior between people of the same sex, or to a sexual orientation. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectional, or romantic attractions primarily to" people of the same sex; "it also refers to an individual’.[14]

In 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre , commonly known as Jean-Paul Sartre, was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, but he declined it, stating that "It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize winner. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."

The winner in 1970, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008) was a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. Through his writings he made the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system — particularly The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, his two best-known works. For these, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the U.S.S.R. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR. The common would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat Samizdat was a key form of dissident activity across the Soviet-bloc; individuals reproduced censored publications by hand and passed the documents from reader to reader, thus building a foundation for the successful resistance of the 1980s. This grassroots practice to evade officially imposed censorship was fraught with danger as harsh -- clandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself." Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award, and prize money, until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union.[15]

In 1974 Graham Greene Henry Graham Greene OM, CH was an English author, playwright and literary critic. His works explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Greene was notable for his ability to combine serious literary acclaim with widespread popularity, Vladimir Nabokov Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1899,c Saint Petersburg – 2 July 1977, Montreux) was a multilingual Russian novelist and short story writer. Nabokov wrote his first nine novels in Russian, then rose to international prominence as a master English prose stylist. He also made contributions to entomology and had an interest, and Saul Bellow Saul Bellow was a Canadian-born American writer of Russian-Jewish origin. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts. He is the only writer to have won the National Book Award three times, and the only writer to have been nominated for it six times were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson Eyvind Johnson, was a Swedish author. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974 with the citation:for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom and Harry Martinson Harry Martinson was a Swedish sailor, author and poet. In 1949 he was elected into the Swedish Academy. He was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in Literature in 1974 together with fellow Swede Eyvind Johnson. The choice for Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson was very controversial as both were on the Nobel panel. They and Graham Greene, Saul Bellow and, both Nobel judges themselves. Bellow would win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded the Prize.[16]

Jorge Luis Borges Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine writer and poet born in Buenos Aires. In 1914, his family moved to Switzerland where he attended school and traveled to Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in Surrealist literary journals. He also was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Pinochet Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte was a Chilean army general and head of state. He was the Commander in Chief of the Chilean army from 1973 to 1998, President of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981 and President of Chile from 1974 until the return of democratic rule in 1990, which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life, had complex social and personal contexts.[17] Borges' failure to win the Nobel Prize for his support of these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union, in the case of Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre , commonly known as Jean-Paul Sartre, was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy and Neruda.[18][19]

Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren Ericsson ( listen to pronunciation (help·info), 14 November 1907 – 28 January 2002) was a Swedish author and screenwriter, whose many works were translated into 85 languages and published in more than 100 countries.[citation needed] She has sold roughly 145 million copies worldwide. Today, she is best remembered for has also been overlooked, with some critics complaining that the Academy does not adequately recognize children's literature.[20]

The award to Dario Fo Dario Fo is an Italian satirist, playwright, theater director, actor, and composer. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1997 and in 2007 he was ranked Joint Seventh with Stephen Hawking in The Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses. His dramatic work employs comedic methods of the ancient Italian commedia dell'arte, a in 1997 was initially considered "rather lightweight" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer and had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church,[note 1] is the world's largest Christian church, and claims over a billion members, representing approximately half of all Christians[note 2] and one-sixth of the world's population. The Catholic Church is a communion of the Western Rite and 22 autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches (.[21] Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favored to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular."[22]

There was also criticism of the academy's refusal to express support for Salman Rushdie in 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for Rushdie to be killed, and two members of the Academy resigned over its refusal to support Rushdie.[23][24]

The choice of the 2004 winner, Elfriede Jelinek, was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund, who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage" to the reputation of the award.[23][24]

Orhan Pamuk

The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a "political element" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize.[5] Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture, "Art, Truth and Politics", in person, due to his hospitalization for ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video to an audience projected on three large screens at the Swedish Academy, in Stockholm, and it was simultaneously transmitted on Channel Four, in the UK, on the evening of 7 December 2005. The 46-minute television transmission was introduced by friend and fellow playwright David Hare. Subsequently, the full text and streaming video formats were posted for the public on the Nobel Prize and Swedish Academy official Websites. In these formats Pinter's Nobel Lecture has been widely watched, cited, quoted, and distributed by print and online media and the source of much commentary and debate. A privately-printed limited edition, Art, Truth and Politics: The Nobel Lecture, is published by Faber and Faber (2006).[25] The issue of their "political stance" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively.[26]

The heavy focus on European authors, and authors from Sweden in particular, has been the subject of mounting criticism, even from major Swedish newspapers.[27] The absolute majority of the laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes than all of Asia. In 2008, Horace Engdahl, the academy's permanent secretary, declared that "Europe still is the center of the literary world" and that "the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature".[28]

List of Laureates

Main article: List of Nobel laureates in Literature

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  2. ^ a b c John Sutherland (October 13, 2007). "Ink and Spit". Guardian Unlimited Books (The Guardian). http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2189673,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  3. ^ "". Swedish Academy. . Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  4. ^ a b c Kjell Espmark (1999-12-03). "The Nobel Prize in Literature". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html. Retrieved on 2006-08-14.
  5. ^ a b c Neil Smith (2005-10-13). "'Political element' to Pinter Prize". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4339096.stm. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. "Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. As a poet, screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays, he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century. However, his outspoken criticism of US foreign policy and opposition to the war in Iraq undoubtedly make him one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious honour. Indeed, the Nobel academy's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element. 'There is the view that the Nobel literature prize often goes to someone whose political stance is found to be sympathetic at a given moment,' said Alan Jenkins, deputy editor of the Times Literary Supplement. 'For the last 10 years he has been more angry and vituperative, and that cannot have failed to be noticed.' However, Mr Jenkins insists that, though Pinter's political views may have been a factor, the award is more than justified on artistic criteria alone. 'His dramatic and literary achievement is head and shoulders above any other British writer. He is far and away the most interesting, the best, the most powerful and most original of English playwrights.'"
  6. ^ "Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nomination/literature/. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  7. ^ "Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates in Literature". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nomination/literature/process.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  8. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amount". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/amount.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  9. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  10. ^ Marjorie Kehe, "Are US Writers Unworthy of the Nobel Prize?" Christian Science Monitor, Chapter & Verse Blog. Web. The Christian Science Monitor, 2 October 2008. Accessed 15 March 2009.
  11. ^ From Lowbrow to Nobrow. McGill Queen's University Press. http://www.mqup.ca.
  12. ^ Olivier Truc, "Et Camus obtint enfin le prix Nobel". Le Monde, 28 December 2008.
  13. ^ Harold Orlans, "Self-Centered Translating: Why W. H. Auden Misinterpreted 'Markings' When Translating It from Swedish to English", Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning (published by Heldref Publications for The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching), 1 May 2000, Highbeam Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.com, accessed 26 April 2008: "Swedish dismay at the mangled translation may have cost Auden the Nobel prize in literature."
  14. ^ Alex Hunnicutt, [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/hammarskjold_d.html "Dag Hammarskjöld"], glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture (Heldref Publications, 2004), glbtq.com, accessed 11 August 2006: "Unless some hidden manuscript surfaces or an aging lover suddenly feels moved to revelation, it seems unlikely the world will ever know for sure the details of Hammarskjöld's sexual experience. W. H. Auden, who translated Markings, was convinced of his [Hammarsköld's] homosexuality; it is thought that saying so publicly during a lecture tour of Scandinavia may have cost Auden the Nobel Prize for Literature that he was widely expected to receive in the 1960s."
  15. ^ Stig Fredrikson, "How I Helped Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Smuggle His Nobel Lecture from the USSR", nobelprize.org, 22 February 2006, accessed 12 October 2006.
  16. ^ Alex Duval Smith (2005-10-14). "A Nobel Calling: 100 Years of Controversy". The Independent (news.independent.co.uk). http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article319509.ece. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. "Not many women, a weakness for Anglo-Saxon literature and an ostrich-like ability to resist popular or political pressure. Alex Duval Smith reports from Stockholm on the strange and secret world of the Swedish Academy."
  17. ^ Colm Tóibín (2006-05-11). "Don't Abandon Me". The London Review of Books. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n09/toib01_.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  18. ^ New studies agree that Beauvoir is eclipsing Sartre as a philosopher and writer The Independent May 25, 2008. Retrieved on January 4, 2009.
  19. ^ Textos escondidos de Pablo Neruda Libros April 14, 2005. Retrieved on January 4, 2009.
  20. ^ "Pippi Longstocking Wreaks Havoc at the Ballet". The Local. 2005-05-13. http://www.thelocal.se/1425/20050513/. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  21. ^ Julie Carroll, " 'Pope and Witch' Draws Catholic Protests", The Catholic Spirit, 27 February 2007, accessed 13 October 2007.
  22. ^ "Nobel Stuns Italy's Left-wing Jester", The Times, 10 October 1997, rpt. in Archives of a list at hartford-hwp.com, accessed 17 October 2007.
  23. ^ a b "Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest". BBC News Online (BBC). 2005-10-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4329962.stm. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
  24. ^ a b Associated Press, "Who Deserves Nobel Prize? Judges Don't Agree", MSNBC, 11 October 2005, accessed 13 October 2007.
  25. ^ Pinter's "Nobel Lecture: Art, Truth & Politics" is posted online on the official website of the Nobel Prize, nobelprize.org, and it is also available on DVD.
  26. ^ Dan Kellum, "Lessing's Legacy of Political Literature: The Nation: Skeptics Call It A Nonliterary Nobel Win, But Academy Saw Her Visionary Power", CBS News, rpt. from The Nation (column), 14 October 2007, accessed 17 October 2007.
  27. ^ Dagens Nyheter Akademien väljer helst en europé (The Academy prefers to pick a European)
  28. ^ The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature

External links

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Nobel Laureates in Literature
1901 – 1925

Prudhomme (1901) · Mommsen (1902) · Bjørnson (1903) · F.Mistral / Echegaray (1904) · Sienkiewicz (1905) · Carducci (1906) · Kipling (1907) · Eucken (1908) · Lagerlöf (1909) · Heyse (1910) · Maeterlinck (1911) · Hauptmann (1912) · Tagore (1913) · Rolland (1915) · Heidenstam (1916) · Gjellerup / Pontoppidan (1917) · Spitteler (1919) · Hamsun (1920) · France (1921) · Benavente (1922) · Yeats (1923) · Reymont (1924) · Shaw (1925)
1926 – 1950

Deledda (1926) · Bergson (1927) · Undset (1928) · Mann (1929) · Lewis (1930) · Karlfeldt (1931) · Galsworthy (1932) · Bunin (1933) · Pirandello (1934) · O'Neill (1936) · Martin du Gard (1937) · Buck (1938) · Sillanpää (1939) · Jensen (1944) · G.Mistral (1945) · Hesse (1946) · Gide (1947) · Eliot (1948) · Faulkner (1949) · Russell (1950)
1951 – 1975

Lagerkvist (1951) · Mauriac (1952) · Churchill (1953) · Hemingway (1954) · Laxness (1955) · Jiménez (1956) · Camus (1957) · Pasternak (1958) · Quasimodo (1959) · Perse (1960) · Andrić (1961) · Steinbeck (1962) · Seferis (1963) · Sartre (1964) · Sholokhov (1965) · Agnon / Sachs (1966) · Asturias (1967) · Kawabata (1968) · Beckett (1969) · Solzhenitsyn (1970) · Neruda (1971) · Böll (1972) · White (1973) · Johnson / Martinson (1974) · Montale (1975)
1976 – 2000

Bellow (1976) · Aleixandre (1977) · Singer (1978) · Elytis (1979) · Miłosz (1980) · Canetti (1981) · García-Márquez (1982) · Golding (1983) · Seifert (1984) · Simon (1985) · Soyinka (1986) · Brodsky (1987) · Mahfouz (1988) · Cela (1989) · Paz (1990) · Gordimer (1991) · Walcott (1992) · Morrison (1993) · Ōe (1994) · Heaney (1995) · Szymborska (1996) · Fo (1997) · Saramago (1998) · Grass (1999) · Gao (2000)
2001 – present

Naipaul (2001) · Kertész (2002) · Coetzee (2003) · Jelinek (2004) · Pinter (2005) · Pamuk (2006) · Lessing (2007) · Le Clézio (2008)

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Categories: Literary awards | Nobel Prize | Swedish literary awards

 

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