Photosynthesis (from the Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of φώτο- [photo-], "light," and σύνθεσις [synthesis], "putting together", "composition") is a process that converts carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state. CO2 is a trace gas being only 0.038% of the atmosphere into organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered inorganic. The distinction between "organic" and ", especially sugars Sugar is an informal term for class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. They have characteristically a sweet flavor. In food, sugar almost exclusively refers to sucrose, which primarily comes from sugar cane and sugar beet. Excessive consumption of sucrose has been associated with increased incidences of type 2, using the energy from sunlight.[1] Photosynthesis occurs in plants Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 extant species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies. As of 2004,, algae Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds. They are photosynthetic, like plants, and "simple" because they lack the many distinct organs found in land plants, and many species of Bacteria The bacteria ( [bækˈtɪərɪə] ; singular: bacterium)[α] are a large group of unicellular, prokaryote, microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,, but not in Archaea The Archaea /ɑrˈkiːə/ are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon (sometimes spelled "archeon"). They have no cell nucleus or any other organelles within their cells. In the past they were viewed as an unusual group of bacteria and named archaebacteria but since. Photosynthetic organisms are called photoautotrophs Photoautotrophs or Phototroph are organisms (usually plants) that carry out photosynthesis to acquire energy. Energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic materials to be used in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration. In an ecological context, they provide nutrition for all other forms of life (, since they can create their own food. In plants, algae and cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria or Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός = blue). They are a significant component of the marine nitrogen cycle and an important primary photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life, releasing oxygen Oxygen , from the Greek roots ὀξύς (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly reactive nonmetallic period 2 element that as a waste product. Photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have self-sustaining biological processes from those that do not–either because such functions have ceased (death), or else because they lack such functions and are classified as "inanimate.". As well as maintaining the normal level of oxygen in the atmosphere An atmosphere is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass, by the gravity of the body, and are retained for a longer duration if gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low. Some planets consist mainly of various gases, but only their outer layer is their atmosphere (see gas giants), nearly all life either depends on it directly as a source of energy, or indirectly as the ultimate source of the energy in their food[2] (the exceptions are chemoautotrophs Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donating molecules in their environments. These molecules can be organic or inorganic (lithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic that live in rocks or around deep sea hydrothermal vents A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots). The amount of energy trapped by photosynthesis is immense, approximately 100 terawatts The watt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units , named after the 18th-century Scottish engineer James Watt. Its unit symbol is W. The unit measures the rate of energy conversion:[3] which is about six times larger than the power consumption of human civilization In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules with 80 to 90 percent derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. This is equivalent to an average power consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.504×1013 W). Not all of the world's economies track their energy consumption with the same rigor, and the exact energy content of a barrel of.[4] As well as energy, photosynthesis is also the source of the carbon in all the organic compounds within organisms' bodies. In all, photosynthetic organisms convert around 100,000,000,000 tonnes A tonne or metric ton (U.S.), also referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kg or 2,204.62262 lb, or approximately the mass of one cubic metre of water at four degrees Celsius. It is not a unit in the International System of Units (SI), but is accepted for use with the SI. In SI units and prefixes, the tonne is a of carbon into biomass Biomass, a renewable energy source, is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For example, forest residues , yard clippings and wood chips and garbage may be used as biomass. However, biomass also per year.[5]
Although photosynthesis can happen in different ways in different species, some features are always the same. For example, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded called photosynthetic reaction centers A photosynthetic reaction centre is a complex of three types of protein that is the site where molecular excitations originating from sunlight are transformed into a series of electron-transfer reactions. The reaction centre proteins bind functional co-factors, chromophores or pigments such as chlorophyll and pheophytin molecules. These absorb that contain chlorophylls Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek χλωρός and φύλλον (phyllon "leaf"). Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue and red but poorly in the green portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, hence the green colour of chlorophyll-containing. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer called chloroplasts Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane The cell membrane is one biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment. Some of the light energy gathered by chlorophylls is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced by photophosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural (ATP). The rest of the energy is used to remove electrons The electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has no known components or substructure, and therefore is believed to be an elementary particle. An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. The intrinsic angular momentum of the electron is a half integer value of ħ, which means that it from a substance such as water. These electrons are then used in the reactions that turn carbon dioxide into organic compounds. In plants, algae and cyanobacteria this is done by a sequence of reactions called the Calvin cycle The Calvin cycle or Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley by using the radioactive element, carbon-14. It is one of the light-independent, but different sets of reactions are found in some bacteria, such as the reverse Krebs cycle The reverse Krebs cycle is a sequence of chemical reactions that are used by some bacteria to produce carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water in Chlorobium Chlorobium is a genus of green sulfur bacteria. They are photolithotrophic oxidizers of sulfur and most notably utilise a noncyclic electron transport chain to reduce NAD+. Hydrogen sulfide is used as an electron source and carbon dioxide its carbon source. Many photosynthetic organisms have adaptations Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. This process takes place over many generations, and is one of the basic phenomena of biology that concentrate or store carbon dioxide. This helps reduce a wasteful process called photorespiration Photorespiration is the process by which RuBP, (a sugar) has oxygen added to it by the main enzyme involved in photosynthesis, rubisco, instead of carbon dioxide as happens during photosynthesis. Rubisco favours carbon dioxide to oxygen; photorespiration tends to occur when there is a high concentration of oxygen relative to carbon dioxide. The that can consume part of the sugar produced during photosynthesis.
Overview of cycle between autotrophs An autotroph [α] is an organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions and heterotrophs A Heterotroph is an organism that uses organic carbon for growth. This contrasts with autotrophs, such as plants, which are able to directly use sources of energy, such as light to produce organic substrates from inorganic carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis is the main means by which plants, algae and many bacteria produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water (green arrow).Photosynthesis evolved In biology, evolution is change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations. Evolution has therefore been described as "descent with modification". Although the changes produced in a single generation are normally small, the accumulation of these differences over time can cause substantial changes early in the evolutionary history of life The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and fossil organisms evolved. It stretches from the origin of life on Earth, thought to be over 3,500 million years ago, to the present day. The similarities between all present day organisms indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species have, when all forms of life on Earth were microorganisms A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is microscopic (usually too small to be seen by the naked human eye). The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a subject that began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1675, using a microscope of his own design and the atmosphere had much more carbon dioxide. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved about 3,500 million years ago, and used hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75 % of the Universe's elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Naturally occurring or hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, flammable gas is partially responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6] Cyanobacteria appeared later, around 3,000 million years ago, and drasticaly changed the Earth when they began to oxygenate the atmosphere The Great Oxygenation Event was the appearance of free oxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere. This major environmental change happened around 2,400 million years ago, beginning about 2,400 million years ago.[7] This new atmosphere allowed the evolution of complex life The first organisms that existed are believed to have been unicellular. How organisms then became multicellular is a huge evolutionary step and is consequently under great debate. However, unlike some other huge steps in evolution, multicellularity is thought to have evolved many times independently - plants, animals and fungi had independent such as protists Protists , are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms. Historically, protists were treated as the kingdom Protista but this group is no longer recognized in modern taxonomy. Instead, it is "better regarded as a loose grouping of 30 or 40 disparate phyla with diverse combinations of trophic modes, mechanisms of motility, cell coverings. Eventually, no later than a billion years ago, one of these protists formed a symbiotic relationship The term symbiosis commonly describes close and often long-term interactions between different biological species. The term was first used in 1879 by the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary, who defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." The definition of symbiosis is in flux, and the term has been applied to a wide with a cyanobacterium, producing the ancestor of many plants and algae Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds. They are photosynthetic, like plants, and "simple" because they lack the many distinct organs found in land plants.[8] The chloroplasts in modern plants are the descendants of these ancient symbiotic cyanobacteria.[9]
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The unit is a small R&D 10 litre fermenting tank with light for the photosynthesis reactions. He says this can be done in larger volumes too. ...
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Daniel Durrant
Sat, 06 Feb 2010 06:15:40 GM
Unbelievable Quantum . Photosynthesis. . Amplify'd from www.dailygalaxy.com. We stimulated the proteins with femtosecond laser pulses to mimic ... Quantum Laws Discovered at Work in . Photosynthesis. Read more at www.dailygalaxy.com. Share: ...
Q. What phrase describes the electron transport chain in photosynthesis? A. A chain of photosynthetic proteins located in the storma B. A collection of enzymes used to make ADP C. A series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane D. A group of enzymes that carries energy to the Calvin Cycle
Asked by Reira - Mon Oct 6 22:36:27 2008 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. D
Answered by Chris M - Mon Oct 6 22:40:37 2008
