Shipbuilding is the construction of ships A ship ( Audio (help·info)) is a large vessel that floats on water. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size and cargo or passenger capacity. In traditional terms, ships were considered to be vessels which had at least one continuous water-tight deck extending from bow to stern. However, some modern designs for ships, and boats,. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are routinely used. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.

Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as the "naval engineer". The construction of boats A boat is a watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane, to provide passage across water. Usually this water will be inland or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed to be operated from a ship in an offshore environment. In naval terms, a boat is something small enough to be carried aboard another is a similar activity called boat building Boat building, one of the oldest branches of engineering, is concerned with constructing the hulls of boats and, for sailboats, the masts, spars and rigging.

The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking Ship breaking or ship demolition is a type of ship disposal involving the breaking up of ships for scrap recycling, with the hulls being discarded in ship graveyards. Most ships have a lifespan of a few decades before there is so much wear that refitting and repair becomes uneconomical. Ship breaking allows materials from the ship, especially.

History

Prehistory

Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea New Guinea, the largest island in the Indonesian archipelago, and located in Melanesia immediately north of northeast Australia in the Southwest Pacific, is the world's second largest island with its 786,000 sq km. It has a low population density with its 7.5 million people. Its highest mount is the Puncak Jaya at an elevation of 4,884 m (16,023 at least 60,000 years ago, probably by sea from Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity during an ice age An "ice age" or, more precisely, "glacial age" is a generic geological period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in an expansion of continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Within a long-term ice age, individual pulses of extra cold climate are termed & period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter (See History of Papua New Guinea The history of Papua New Guinea can be traced back to about 60,000 years ago when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. The written history began when European navigators first sighted New Guinea in the early part of the 16th century). The ancestors of Australian Aborigines Australian Aborigines (pronounced /æbəˈrɪdʒɨni/ , aka Aboriginal Australians) are a class of people who are identified by Australian law as being members of a race indigenous to the Australian continent and New Guineans New Guinea, the largest island in the Indonesian archipelago, and located in Melanesia immediately north of northeast Australia in the Southwest Pacific, is the world's second largest island with its 786,000 sq km. It has a low population density with its 7.5 million people. Its highest mount is the Puncak Jaya at an elevation of 4,884 m (16,023 went across the Lombok Strait The Lombok Strait Indonesian: Selat Lombok is a strait connecting the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean, located between the islands of Bali and Lombok in Indonesia. The Gili Islands are on the Lombok side to Sahul Australia is the smallest of the geographic continents, though not of geological continents. There is no universally accepted definition of the word "continent"; the lay definition is "One of the main continuous bodies of land on the earth's surface." . By that definition, the continent of Australia includes only the Australian by boat over 50,000 years ago.

4th millennium BC

Evidence from Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its history shows that the early Egyptians Egyptians is the name of the nationality and the Mediterranean North African ethnic group native to Egypt knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull A hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull comes the superstructure and deckhouse. The line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline as early as 3000 BC. The Archaeological Institute of America The Archaeological Institute of America is a North American nonprofit organization devoted to the promotion of public interest in archaeology, and the preservation of archaeological sites. It is based at Boston University reports^[1] that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the Abydos boats. These are a group of 14 discovered ships in Abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were "sewn" together. Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor of New York University New York University is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is the largest private, nonprofit institution of higher education in the United States, with an enrollment of more than 40,000 students distributed across,^[2] woven straps A strap, sometimes also called strop, is an elongated flap or ribbon, usually of fabric or leather were found to have been used to lash the planks together,^[1] and reeds Cyperus papyrus is a monocot belonging to the sedge family Cyperaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial native to Africa, and forms tall stands of reed-like swamp vegetation in shallow water or grass Grasses, or more technically graminoids, are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the Poaceae family, as well as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae). The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and grassland stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams.^[1] Because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to Pharaoh Khasekhemwy Khasekhemwy was the fifth and final king of the Second dynasty of Egypt. Little is known of Khasekhemwy, other than that he led several significant military campaigns and built several monuments, still extant, mentioning war against the Northerners. His name means "The Two Powerful Ones Appear.",^[2] originally they were all thought to have belonged to him, but one of the 14 ships dates to 3000 BC,^[2] and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating.^[2] The ship dating to 3000 BC was 75 feet long^[2] and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh.^[2] According to professor O'Connor, the 5,000-year-old ship may have even belonged to Pharaoh Aha Hor-Aha is considered the second pharaoh of the first dynasty of Ancient Egypt in current Egyptology. He lived around the thirty-first century BC. The two logographic glyphs used to write his name are roughly translated as Hor, , and Aha, meaning "to fight".^[2]

3rd millennium BC

Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, using pitch Pitch is the name for any of a number of viscoelastic, solid polymers. Pitch can be made from petroleum products or plants. Petroleum-derived pitch is also called bitumen. Pitch produced from plants is also known as resin. Products made from plant resin are also known as rosin for caulking Caulking is a term used to describe several different process to seal joints or seams in various structures and certain types of piping. The oldest form of caulking is used to make the seams in wooden boats or ships watertight, by driving fiberous materials into the wedge-shaped seams between planks. A related process was formerly employed to join the seams. The "Khufu ship The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500 BC. The ship was almost certainly built for Khufu , the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt", a 43.6-meter vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex The Giza Necropolis stands on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. This complex of ancient monuments includes the three pyramids known as the Great Pyramids, along with the massive sculpture known as the Great Sphinx. It is located some 8 km inland into the desert from the old town of Giza on the Nile, some 25 km (15 mi) southwest at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) and in the Fourth Dynasty The Fourth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, also written as Dynasty 4 and Dynasty IV, is characterized as a "golden age" of the Old Kingdom. The fourth dynasty lasted from ca. 2575 to 2467 BCE. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is documented around 2500 BC, is a full-size surviving example which may have fulfilled the symbolic function of a solar barque. Early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon Simple and strong, the mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, usually when the pieces are at an angle close to 90°. Although there are many variations on the theme, the basic idea is that the end of one of the members is inserted into a hole cut in the other member. The joints.^[1]

The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. Located in Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt and dating from 2400 BCE, it is one of India's most important archaeological sites that date from that era. Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from February 13, 1955 to May 19, 1960 by the near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat Gujarat (Gujarati: ગુજરાત, Hindi: गुजरात, Gujǎrāt, - [ɡudʒɾat]( listen)) is a state in India. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Lothal and Dholavira coast in India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the. Other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka Dwarka pronunciation (Hindi: द्वारका), also spelled Dvarka, Dwaraka, and Dvaraka, is a city and a municipality of Jamnagar district in the Gujarat state in India. Dwarka (Dvaraka in Sanskrit - used in this article when referring to the city in a historical context), also known as Dwarawati in Sanskrit literature is rated as one of. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade.^[3] Ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a toponym for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, as well as some parts of northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and southwestern Iran.^[4] Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India.^[5] Native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon , popularly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, Mégas Aléxandros), was a Greeki[›] king (basileus) of Macedon. He is the most celebrated member of the Argead Dynasty and created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander received a classical to navigate across the Hydaspes Jehlum River or Jhelum River (Kashmiri: Vyeth, Hindi: झेलम, Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ , دریاۓ جہلم (Shahmukhi)) is a river that flows in Pakistan as well as into India. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of and even the Indus The Indus River is a major river which flows through the Indian Subcontinent, under Nearchos.^[5] The Indians also exported teak Teak , is a genus of tropical hardwood trees in the mint family, Lamiaceae. native to south and southeast Asia, mainly Bangladesh, India, Burma and Thailand, and is commonly found as a component of monsoon forest vegetation. They are large trees, growing to 30–40 m (90-120 ft.) tall, deciduous in the dry season for shipbuilding to ancient Persia Iran (Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and formerly known as Persia, is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was widely known as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are.^[6] Other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr Ibn Jubayr was a geographer, traveler and poet from al-Andalus.^[6]

2nd millennium BC

The ships of Ancient Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty The Eighteenth Dynasty is perhaps the best known of all the dynasties of ancient Egypt. As well as boasting a number of Egypt's most powerful pharaohs, it included Tutankhamun, the finding of whose tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 was a sensational archaeological discovery despite its having been twice disturbed by tomb robbers. The dynasty is were typically about 25 meters (80 ft) in length, and had a single mast The mast of a sailing ship is a tall, vertical, or near vertical, spar, or arrangement of spars, which supports the sails. Large ships have several masts, with the size and configuration depending on the style of ship, sometimes consisting of two poles lashed together at the top making an "A" shape. They mounted a single square sail A sail is any type of surface intended to generate thrust by being placed in a wind—in essence a vertically-oriented wing. Sails are used in sailing on a yard, with an additional spar In sailing, a spar is a round pole of wood, metal or lightweight materials such as carbon fiber used on a sailing ship. Spars of all types are used in the rigging of sailing vessels to resist compressive and bending forces, and to provide (direct or indirect) support for the sails along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end. The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end. What distinguishes oars from paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler, and are not connected with the vessel. Oars generally are connected to the vessel by means of rowlocks or tholes which transmit the propelled.^[7]

The ships of Phoenicia Phoenicia was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern day Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Israel. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the period 1550 BC to 300 BC. Though ancient boundaries of seems to have been of a similar design. The Greeks Ancient Greece is the civilization belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC, at first under Athenian and probably others introduced the use of multiple banks of oars for additional speed, and the ships were of a light construction for speed and so they could be carried ashore.

1st millennium BC

The naval history of China The naval history of China dates back thousands of years, with archives existing since the late Spring and Autumn Period about the ancient navy of China and the various ship types used in war. China became a leading maritime power around the year 1000, when Chinese shipbuilders began to build massive oceangoing junks. In modern times, the current stems back to the Spring and Autumn Period During the Spring and Autumn period, China was ruled by a feudal system. The Zhou Dynasty kings held nominal power, but only directly ruled over a small Royal Demesne, revolving around their capital . They granted fiefdoms over the rest of China to several hundred hereditary nobles (Zhuhou 諸侯). These were descendants of members of the Zhou (722 BC–481 BC) of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as "castle ships", which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts.

Early 1st millennium AD

The ancient Chinese also built ramming vessels as in the Greco-Roman tradition of the trireme, although oar-steered ships in China lost favor very early on since it was in 1st century China that the stern-mounted rudder was first developed. This was dually met with the introduction of the Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century.

Dark Ages

The Angles, Saxons and Jutes moved their peoples from Northern Europe (Germania) to the island of Briton (Britain) via ship, circa 400 AD, where they settled and established themselves. Lines (207-216) from Beowulf describe the titular hero’s march to the shores of Hygelac’s kingdom and his setting sail to rid Hrothgar’s kingdom of the monster Grendel:

XVna sum sundwudu sohte; secg wisade, lagucræftig mon, landgemyrcu. Fyrst forð gewat. Flota wæs on yðum, bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe on stefn stigon; streamas wundon. sund wið sande; secgas bæron on bearm nacan beorhte frietwe. guðsearo geatolic: guman ut scufon, weras on wilsið, wudu bundenne. Gewat þa ofer wægholm.

As one of fifteen, he sought the sea wood; the warrior, the ocean-crafty man, guided them to the land borders. Time departed forth. The floater was on the waves, the boat under the cliff. Ready warriors climbed up in the prow; the streams wound about, the sea against the sand; warriors bore into the ship’s bosom the bright trappings, the splendid war arms; men, fellows on a desired journey, shoved out the bound wood. It departed then over the wave ocean.

Sutton Hoo was site of the tomb of a seventh-century king, perhaps Redwald or Anna. To construct the tomb, a large ship was dragged inland and laid in a ditch. A gabled hut was then built midship for the ruler’s coffin and such treasures as a helmet, gilded personal ornaments, and gold coins, grave-goods “of a magnificence unequaled in Western Europe.” Ship-Shaped and nearly 90 feet long and, at its widest, 14 feet wide, the ship is larger than any other from the early Dark Ages so far found. Upward from the keel, the hull was made by overlapping nine planks on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks together. Evidence of repairs made to the ship indicates that it was used as an ocean-going vessel before it was turned into a tomb. Though meant to carry only a single passenger into the afterlife, in its days on the whale-road it could hold upwards of thirty men.

Despite the heavy reliance of the Anglo-Saxons upon the sea, comparatively little is known about the actual structures and designs of most Anglo-Saxon vessels. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does offer some information, but it leaves much to be desired: Its information for the year 896 simply tells that Alfred the Great introduced long ships with 60 oars. Literary references, though, are not the only evidence of Anglo-Saxon vessels.

Besides the references to ships in Old English literature and the depictions of ships in Anglo-Saxon art, many other aspects of their society indicate the great importance ships played in their day-to-day lives. Even the landlocked areas at the heart of the island seem to have been adept at shipbuilding. The “Laws of Henry I” from the early twelfth century indicate that all of England’s shires were divided into either hundreds or shipsokes: “groups of three hundreds, each group being required to produce a ship and a crew of 60” Clearly, the Anglo-Saxon culture was very much a maritime one.

Medieval Europe, Sung China, Abbasid Caliphate

Viking longships developed from an alternate tradition of clinker-built hulls fastened with leather thongs. Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpost, enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the side. Development in the Middle Ages favored "round ships", with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends.

However, great advances were happening outside Medieval Europe. The shipbuilding industry in Imperial China reached its height during the Sung Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, and early Ming Dynasty. During the Sung period (960–1279 AD), the establishment of China's first official standing navy in 1132 AD and the enormous increase in maritime trade abroad (from Heian Japan to Fatimid Egypt) allowed the shipbuilding industry in provinces like Fujian to thrive like never before. Some of the largest seaports in the world existed in China during this era, including Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Xiamen.

In the Islamic world, shipbuilding at Basra and Alexandria, the dhow, felucca, baghlah and the sambuk, became symbols of successful maritime trade, from the ports of East Africa to Southeast Asia and the ports of Sindh and Hind (India) during the Abbasid period.

Early Modern

With the development of the carrack, the west moved into a new era of building the first regular ocean going vessels. These were of unprecedented size, complexity and cost. Ships incorporated new design features, such as tumblehome. Shipyards became large industrial complexes and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors.

These considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights, and ultimately led to the field of naval architecture. Even so, construction techniques changed only very gradually. The ships of the Napoleonic Wars were superior in many ways over those of the Spanish Armada of more than two hundred years earlier, but were still built more or less to the same basic plan.

Industrial Revolution

Iron was gradually adopted in ship construction, initially in small areas needing greater strength, then throughout, although initially copying wooden construction. Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Britain of 1843 was the first radical new design, built entirely of iron, using stringers for strength, inner and outer hulls, and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments. Despite her success, composite construction remained the dominant approach in ship building, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame (the Cutty Sark is a famous example). Steel supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century. Wood continued to be favored for the decks, and is still the rule as deckcovering for modern cruise ships.

Modern worldwide shipbuilding industry

In the twentieth century, shipbuilding (which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers, and many related service and knowledge providers) grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:

• The large number of skilled workers required directly by the shipyard, along with supporting industries such as steel mills and engine manufacturers; and
• A nation's need to manufacture and repair its own navy and vessels that support its primary industries

Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules and a tendency towards (state-supported) over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers, and generate foreign currency income (as the shipbuilding market is both global and dollar-based).

Shipbuilding is therefore an attractive industry for developing nations. Japan used shipbuilding in the 1950s and 1960s to rebuild its industrial structure; South Korea started to make shipbuilding a strategic industry in the 1970s, and China is now in the process of repeating these models with large state-supported investments in this industry.

As a result, the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices (although the industry experienced a price increase in the period 2003–2005 due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases), low profit margins, trade distortions and widespread subsidisation. All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the 1994 international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the 2003–2005 round of negotiations being paused in September 2005 after no agreement was possible.

Where state subsidies have been removed and domestic industrial policies do not provide support, in high-cost nations shipbuilding has usually gone into steady, if not rapid, decline. The British shipbuilding industry is one of many examples of this. From a position in the early 1970s where British yards could still build the largest types of sophisticated merchant ships, British shipbuilders today have been reduced to a handful specialising in defence contracts and repair work. In the U.S.A., the Jones Act (which places restrictions on the ships that can be used for moving domestic cargoes) has meant that merchant shipbuilding has continued, but such protection has failed to penalise shipbuilding inefficiencies. The consequence of this is contract prices that are far higher than those of any other nation building oceangoing ships.

World shipbuilding industry in the 21st century

China is a fast emerging shipbuilder that is poised to overtake South Korea in the future, although its current production is limited mainly to low-cost basic vessels.

Japan lost its leading position in the industry to South Korea in 2004,^[8] and its market share has since fallen sharply. The entire European countries' total market share has fallen to only a tenth of South Korea's, and the outputs of the United States and other countries have become negligible. Military shipbuilding is still dominated by US and European companies.

Modern shipbuilding manufacturing techniques

Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections. Entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place. This is known as "block construction". The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.

Ship design work, also called naval architecture, may be conducted using a ship model basin. Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks (see problems of the Liberty ship). Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used. Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists.^[10] Brittle fracture of modern vessels continues to occur from time to time as the use of grade A and grade B steel of unknown toughness or fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) in way of ships' side shells can be less than adequate for all ambient conditions.^[11]

Ship Repair Industry

All ships need maintenance and repairs. A part of these jobs must be carried out under the supervision of the Classification Society. A lot of maintenance it is carried out while at sea or in port by ship's staff. However a large number of repair and maintenance works can only be carried out while the ship is out of commercial operation, in a Shiprepair Yard. Prior to undergoing repairs, tankers must dock at a Deballasting Station for if necessary completing the tank cleaning operations and pumping ashore its slops (dirty cleaning water and hydrocarbon residues) ashore.

See also

• Boat building
• List of shipbuilders and shipyards
• Marine engineering
• Naval architecture
• Shipbuilding (song)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Ward, Cheryl. "World's Oldest Planked Boats", in Archaeology (Volume 54, Number 3, May/June 2001). Archaeological Institute of America.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Schuster, Angela M.H. "This Old Boat", 11 December 2000. Archaeological Institute of America.
3. ^ Possehl, Gregory. Meluhha. in: J. Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996, 133–208
4. ^ (eg Lal 1997: 182–188)
5. ^ ^{a b} Tripathi, page 145
6. ^ ^{a b} Hourani & Carswel, page 90
7. ^ Robert E. Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World. Greenwood PressScience. ISBN 0313313423. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0313313423&id=0H0fjBeseVEC&pg=RA1-PA338&lpg=RA1-PA335&dq=Shipbuilding+history&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=d8ZeuiMqLZ2Uch9uEz8ss4a-GqY.
8. ^ James Brooke (2005-01096). "Korea reigns in shipbuilding, for now". The New York Times. http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/01/05/business/ships.php. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
9. ^ http://www.shipbuilding.or.kr/Report/Foreign/Foreign_Review/Foreign_Review.html
10. ^ Drouin, P: "Brittle Fracture in ships - a lingering problem", page 229. Ships and Offshore Structures, Woodhead Publishing, 2006.
11. ^ "Marine Investigation Report - Hull Fracture Bulk Carrier Lake Carling". Transportation Safety Board of Canada. 19 March 2002. http://www.tsb.gc.ca/en/reports/marine/2002/m02l0021/m02l0021.asp. Retrieved 8 October 2009.

• Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1967). History of Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 145. ISBN 8120800184.
• Hourani, George Fadlo; Carswel, John (1995). Arab Seafaring: In the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton University Press. pp. 90. ISBN 0691000328.

External links

• Trading Places—interactive history of Liverpool docks
• U.S. Shipbuilding—extensive information about the U.S. shipbuilding industry, including over 500 pages of U.S. shipyard construction records
• Shipyards United States—from GlobalSecurity.org
• Shipbuilding in Canada
• North Vancouver's Wartime Shipbuilding
• Shipbuilding News
• Bataviawerf - the Historic Dutch East Indiaman Ship Yard—Shipyard of the historic ships Batavia and Zeven Provincien in the Netherlands, since 1985 here have been great ships reconstructed using old construction methods.
• Photos of the reconstruction of the Dutch East Indiaman Batavia—Photo web site about the reconstruction of the Batavia on the shipyard Batavia werf, a 16th century East Indiaman in the Netherlands. The site is constantly expanding with more historic images as in 2010 the shipyard celebrates its 25th year.

Video

• Modern Shipbuilding - Modular construction of Type 45 destroyer

Categories: Shipbuilders | Shipwrights | Commercial item transport and distribution | Ship construction | Naval architecture

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