Siberia (Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three living members of the East Slavic languages, the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn,: Сиби́рь, Sibir'), is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia North Asia or Northern Asia is sometimes defined as a subregion of Asia consisting only of the Asian portion of Russia. The term is not widely used. Sometimes, North Asia is instead used to designate parts of East Asia and/or Central Asia[citation needed], with Asian Russia lumped with Eastern Europe instead and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, pronounced [rʌˈsʲijə]), officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation(Russian: Российская Федерация (help·info), Rossiyskaya Federatsiya), is a country in northern Eurasia (Europe and Asia together). It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83, having served in the same capacity previously for the USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , occasionally called the United Soviet Socialist Republic, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh from its beginning, and the Russian Empire The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia, and the predecessor of the Soviet Union. It was the second largest contiguous empire the world had seen, surpassed only by the Mongol Empire. At one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe, across Asia, beginning in the 16th century. Geographically, it includes a large part of the Eurasian Steppe The Eurasian Steppe is the term often used to describe the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia stretching from the western borders of the steppes of Hungary to the eastern border of the steppes of Mongolia, for roughly 5000 km. Most of the Euro-Asian Steppe is included within the region of Central Asia while only a small part of it is included within and extends eastward from the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (also known as the Urals) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. They are usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia to the watershed A drainage divide, water divide, divide or watershed is the line separating neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible – just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of between Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. Its name is derived from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. It extends from the Arctic in the north to Antarctica in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the and Arctic The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying drainage basins A drainage basin is an extent of land where water from rain or snow melt drains downhill into a body of water, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea or ocean. The drainage basin includes both the streams and rivers that convey the water as well as the land surfaces from which water drains into those channels, and is separated, and southward from the Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country situated in Central Asia and, according to the Council of Europe, Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km² (greater than Western Europe). It is bordered by and the national borders of both Mongolia Mongolia (pronounced /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/; Mongolian: Монгол улс , literally Mongol country/nation, ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 24 and China b. ^ Information for mainland China only. The Special Administrative Regions of the PRC: Hong Kong, Macau are excluded. In addition, the territories under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, are also excluded.[1] It makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but only 25% of Russia's population (36 million people).
Contents |
Origin of the name
Some sources[2] say that it originates from the Turkic Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers for "sleeping land." Another version is that this name was the tribal name of the Sibilla, ancient Turkic Indigenous ethnicities and emigrant communities living in: Turkey, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, China , Mongolia, Russia, Iran, Bulgaria, Moldova (Gagauz Autonomous Republic), Iraq, Syria, Romania, Western Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden et nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars The Siberian Tatars are a sub-group of the Tatars, sometimes considered a separate ethnic group. They speak Siberian Tatar, which is a dialect of Tatar. Their ancestry was partly from Turkic, Ugric, Mongolic and Samoyedic tribes, but their main ancestors were the Kypchaks. Their language also derived from Kypchak, but was influenced by Volga-Ural. It has also been asserted that the name Siberia is connected to the Sabir The Sabir people inhabited the Caspian Depression prior to the arrival of the Avars. They appear to have been a Turkic people, possibly of Hunnic origin. "The name Sabir has been linked by some scholars with the name Siberia and even with the far Eastern Hsien-pi" people. Shaman Shamanism comprises a range of traditional beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spirit world. A practitioner of shamanism is known as a shaman, pronounced /ˈʃɑːmən/, /ˈʃeɪmən/, noun (pl. -man(s)). There are many variations of shamanism throughout the world, but several common beliefs are shared by all forms of Akkanat, one of the last shamans in western Siberia and a leading figure in the indigenous society of the region, claims that Siberia got its name from his nation, the Sibirga people.[citation needed] The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberia Khanate The Khanate of Sibir was a Tatar Turkic khanate in the later Russian Siberia. The Khanate had an ethnically diverse population of Siberian Tatars, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkup people.
Borders and administrative division
Map of the most populated area of Siberia with clickable city names (SVG) Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th centuryThe term Siberia has a very long history, and its meaning has gradually changed during ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia to the east of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (also known as the Urals) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. They are usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia, including the Russian Far East Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. The Russian Far Eastern Federal District, which covers this area, should not be confused with the Siberian Federal District, which does not stretch all the way to the Pacific. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (also known as the Urals) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. They are usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Russian Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south. It is also sometimes known as Middle Asia or Inner Asia, and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent. Various definitions of its exact composition exist and no one and the national borders of both Mongolia (which included Tuva Tyva Republic , or Tuva (Russian: Тува́, Tuva), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic)) and China.[3]
Soviet-era sources (GSE The Great Soviet Encyclopedia is one of the largest and most comprehensive encyclopedias in Russian, issued by the state and others)[4] and modern Russian ones[5] usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed A drainage divide, water divide, divide or watershed is the line separating neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible – just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of between Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. Its name is derived from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. It extends from the Arctic in the north to Antarctica in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the and Arctic The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country situated in Central Asia and, according to the Council of Europe, Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km² (greater than Western Europe). It is bordered by and the national borders of both Mongolia Mongolia (pronounced /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/; Mongolian: Монгол улс , literally Mongol country/nation, ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 24 and China b. ^ Information for mainland China only. The Special Administrative Regions of the PRC: Hong Kong, Macau are excluded. In addition, the territories under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, are also excluded. Correspondingly, Siberia includes the federal subjects Russia is a federation that consists of 83 subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council . However, they do differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. Autonomous okrugs, while federal subjects in their own right, are, at the same time, of the Siberian Federal District Siberian Federal District is one of the seven federal districts of Russia. It is the central of the three Asian districts. Its population was 20,062,938 in the 2002 census, living on an area of 5,114,800 km² (1,974,835.3 mi²). The Current Presidential Envoy to Siberian Federal District is Anatoly Kvashnin, and some of the Urals Federal District Urals Federal District is one of the seven federal districts of Russia. It is the westernmost of the three Asian districts. Its population was 12,373,926 in the 2002 Census, covering an area of 1,788,900 km² (690,698.2 mi²). Pyotr Latyshev had been the Presidential Envoy to the Urals Federal District until his death on December 2, 2008. Nikolay, as well as Sakha (Yakutia) Republic The Sakha Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Саха́ (Яку́тия), Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya); Sakha: Саха Республиката, Sakha Respublikata) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). At half the size of the Far Eastern Federal District, it is the largest subnational governing body by area in the world at 3,100,000, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District The Far Eastern Federal District , is the largest of the seven federal districts of Russia, while being also the least populated, with a population of under 7 million. The Far Eastern FD was established in 2000 by president Vladimir Putin and is currently being governed by presidential envoy Oleg Safonov. The Far Eastern FD covers the territory of. This definition also includes geographically (but not administratively) subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts. This definition excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast Sverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in the Urals Federal District. Given that the bulk of the oblast lies on the Asian side of the Urals (only its south-western extremity is on the European side of the mountains) it should be recognized as the most populous oblast within Asian Russia and Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia.
Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East)[6] or a somewhat narrower one that confines Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts).[7] However, in Russian the word for Siberia is never used to substitute the name of the federal district.
Major cities include:
History
Main article: History of SiberiaSiberia was occupied by differing groups of nomads such as the Yenets, the Nenets, the Huns, the Iranian Scythians, and the Turkic Uyghurs. The Khan of Sibir in the vicinity of modern Tobolsk was known as a prominent figure who endorsed Kubrat as Khagan in Avaria in 630. The area was conquered by the Mongols early in the 13th century. With the break up of the Golden Horde, the autonomous Siberia Khanate was established in late 14th century.
The tower of ostrog, a 17th-century Russian fort, in Yakutsk.The growing power of Russia to the west began to undermine the Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and Cossacks began to enter the area, and then the Russian army began to set up forts further and further east. Towns like Mangazeya, Tara, Yeniseysk, and Tobolsk sprang up, the latter being declared the capital of Siberia. By the mid-17th century, the Russian-controlled areas had been extended to the Pacific.
Siberia remained a mostly undocumented and sparsely populated area. During the following few centuries, only a few exploratory missions and traders entered Siberia. The other group that was sent to Siberia consisted of prisoners exiled from western Russia or Russian-held territories like Poland (see katorga). In the 19th century, around 1.2 million prisoners were deported to Siberia.[8]
The first great modern change to Siberia was the Trans-Siberian railway, constructed in 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly-industrializing Russia of Nicholas II. Siberia is filled with natural resources and during the 20th century large scale exploitation of these was developed, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.
Katorga and Gulag
Further information: Population transfer in the Soviet UnionRussia, later the Soviet Union, operated a series of labor camps, known as the GULAG,[9] which is an acronym for Main Camp Administration. They became so common that "Siberia" came to be used as a reference for exile and punishment, e.g., "a bureaucratic Siberia."[10] Soviet authorities deported millions of people, including entire nationalities,[11] from western areas of the USSR to Central Asia and Siberia.[12]
By analogy, one working-class district of downtown Stockholm, Sweden, earned the name Sibirien (Siberia) in the late 19th century, referring to its low-cost tenement houses being built in outlying areas.
Geography and geology
Lake Baikal (Northern Portion) Russia shares a border with China and Mongolia in southern Siberia. Further information: Geography of RussiaWith an area of 13.1 million km² (5.1 million square miles), Siberia makes up roughly 77% of the total area of Russia. Major geographical zones include the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. Siberia covers almost 10% of Earth's land surface (14,894,000 km²).
The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is extraordinarily low-lying, so much so that a sea level rise of fifty metres would cause all land between the Arctic Ocean and Novosibirsk to be inundated. Many of the deposits on this plain result from ice dams; having reversed the flow of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers, so redirecting them into the Caspian Sea (perhaps the Aral as well). It is very swampy and soils are mostly peaty Histosols and, in the treeless northern part, Histels. In the south of the plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation (almost all cleared now).
The Central Siberian Plateau is an extremely ancient craton (sometimes named Angaraland) that formed an independent continent before the Permian (see Siberia (continent)). It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum. Much of the area includes the Siberian Traps which is a large igneous province. The massive eruptive period was approximately coincident with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The volcanic event is said to be the largest known volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the taiga is dominant. Soils here are mainly Turbels, giving way to Spodosols where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice content lower.
Eastern and central Sakha comprise numerous north-south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains extend up to almost three thousand metres in elevation, but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep, and covered with larch forest except in the extreme north, where tundra dominates. Soils are mainly Turbels and the active layer tends to be less than a meter deep except near rivers.
The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, in the Kamchatka peninsula. Its peak is at 4,649 metres (15,250 ft).
Climate
|
polar desert tundra alpine tundra taiga montane forest temperate broadleaf forest temperate steppe dry steppe |
| Vegetation in Siberia is mostly taiga, with a tundra belt on the northern fringe, and a temperate forest zone in the south. |
The climate of Siberia varies dramatically. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short (about one-month-long) summer.
Almost all the population lives in the south, along the Trans-Siberian railroad. The climate here is subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about 0 °C (32 °F) and roughly −15 °C (5 °F) average in January and +20 °C (68 °F) in July.[13] With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile chernozem soils, Southern Siberia is good enough for profitable agriculture, as was proven in the early twentieth century.
The southwesterly winds of Southern Siberia bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (Irkutsk, Chita). With a lowest record temperature of −71.2 °C (−96.2 °F), Oymyakon (Sakha Republic) has the distinction of being the coldest town on Earth. But summer temperatures in other regions reach 38 °C (100.4 °F). In general, Sakha is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the Yana River has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching 1,493 meters (4,898 ft). Nevertheless, as far as Imperial Russian plans of settlement were concerned, cold was never viewed as an issue. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent Siberian High, so winds are usually light in the winter.
Precipitation in Siberia is generally low, exceeding 500 millimeters (20 in) only in Kamchatka where moist winds flow from the Sea of Okhotsk onto high mountains – producing the region's only major glaciers – and in most of Primorye in the extreme south where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall. Despite the region's notorious cold winters, snowfall is generally quite light, especially in the eastern interior of the region.
| Weather averages for Novosibirsk, Siberia's largest city | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | -20 (-4) | -10.3 (13) | -2.6 (27) | 8.1 (47) | 17.5 (64) | 24.0 (75) | 25.7 (78) | 22.2 (72) | 16.6 (62) | 6.8 (44) | -2.9 (27) | -8.9 (16) | 7.0 (45) |
| Daily Mean °C (°F) | -16.2 (3) | -14.7 (6) | -7.2 (19) | 3.2 (38) | 11.6 (53) | 18.2 (65) | 20.2 (68) | 17.0 (63) | 11.5 (53) | 3.4 (38) | -6.0 (21) | -12.7 (9) | 2.4 (36) |
| Average low °C (°F) | -20.1 (-4) | -19.1 (-2) | -11.8 (11) | -1.7 (29) | 5.6 (42) | 12.3 (54) | 14.7 (58) | 11.7 (53) | 6.4 (44) | 0.0 (32) | -9.1 (16) | -16.4 (2) | -2.3 (28) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 19 (0.75) | 14 (0.55) | 15 (0.59) | 24 (0.94) | 36 (1.42) | 58 (2.28) | 72 (2.83) | 66 (2.6) | 44 (1.73) | 38 (1.5) | 32 (1.26) | 24 (0.94) | 442 (17.4) |
| Source: [14] | |||||||||||||
Lakes and rivers
- Anabar River
- Angara River
- Indigirka River
- Irtysh River
- Kolyma River
- Lake Baikal
- Lena River
- Novosibirsk Reservoir
- Ob River
- Popigay River
- Tunguska River
- Upper Angara River
- Uvs Nuur
- Yana River
- Yenisei River
Mountain ranges
- Altay Mountains
- Anadyr Range
- Baikal Mountains
- Chamar-Daban
- Chersky Range
- Dzhugdzhur Mountains
- Gydan Mountains
- Koryak Mountains
- Sayan Mountains
- Tannu-Ola Mountains
- Ural Mountains
- Verkhoyansk Mountains
- Yablonoi Mountains
Grasslands
- Ukok Plateau — part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site[15]
Economy
Siberia is extraordinarily rich in minerals, containing ores of almost all economically valuable metals—largely because of the absence of Quaternary glaciation outside highland areas. It has some of the world's largest deposits of nickel, gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, silver and zinc, as well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas. Most of these are in the cold and remote eastern part of the region, with the result that extraction has proven difficult and began on a large scale only after Stalin came to power and developed labour camps to deal with the difficulty of attracting labour to such unpleasant climates.
Agriculture is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils are exceedingly fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of wheat, barley, rye and potatoes, along with the grazing of large numbers of sheep and cattle. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding of reindeer in the tundra — which has been practised by natives for over ten thousand years. Siberia has the world's largest forests. Timber remains an important source of revenue despite the fact that many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly than they are able to recover. The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and extremely large tidal ranges, and thus Siberia produces over 10 percent of the world's annual fish catch, though fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR.
Industry, developed during the interwar period (1920s and 1930s) and increased vastly during World War II, has declined greatly since the collapse of the USSR. At one point there were huge factories in Western Siberia and many even around Lake Baikal but these have largely ceased operation since the USSR collapsed.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of SiberiaSiberia has a population density of about three people per square kilometer. Most Siberians are Russians and Russified Ukrainians. There are approximately 400,000 ethnic Germans living in Siberia.[16] Such Mongol and Turkic groups as Buryats, Tuvinians, Yakuts, and Siberian Tatars[17] lived in Siberia originally, and descendants of these peoples still live there.[18] Other ethnic groups include Kets, Evenks, Chukchis, Koryaks, and Yukaghirs. See the Northern indigenous peoples of Russia article for more.
About 70% of Siberia's people live in cities. Most city people live in apartments. Many people in rural areas live in simple, but more spacious, log houses. Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of about 1.5 million. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and Omsk are the older, historical centers.
Religion
Main article: Shamanistic cultures in SiberiaThere are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia including Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Tibetan Buddhism, and denominations of Christianity.[19] An estimated 70,000 Jews live in Siberia.[20] The predominant group is the Russian Orthodox Church. However, native religion dates back hundreds of years. The vast terrority of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: Ak Ana, Anapel, Bugady Musun, Kara Khan, Khaltesh-Anki, Kini'je, Ku'urkil, Nga, Nu'tenut, Numi-Torem, Numi-Turum, Pon, Pugu, Todote, Toko'yoto, Tomam, Xaya Iccita, Zonget. Places with sacred areas include Olkhon, an island in Lake Baikal.
Transport
Many cities in Siberia, such as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, cannot be reached by road from other major cities in Russia or Asia. The best way to tour Siberia is through the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Trans-Siberian Railway operates from Moscow in the West to Vladivostok in the East. The train has 2nd class 4-berth compartments, 1st class 2-berth compartments, and a restaurant car. Cities not nearby the Railway are best reached by air.
Famous people born in Siberia
- Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic, born a peasant in the small village of Pokrovskoye, in the Tobolsk guberniya (now Tyumen Oblast)
- Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary of the CPSU, who led the Soviet Union in 1984–1985, was born in the village of Bolshaya Tes (disappeared under the waters of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir, now in Novosyolovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai) in 1911.
- Yul Brynner, Russian-born American actor of stage and film, born in Vladivostok in 1920
- Boris Yeltsin, the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999, born in the village of Butka, in Talitsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, in 1931
- Sergei Bodrov, Academy Award nominated Russian filmmaker, born in Khabarovsk, in 1948, living in Los Angeles, USA
- Julia Neigel, Russian-German, musician, singer-songwriter, born in Barnaul, in 1966, April 19, living in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany, since 1971
- Maxim Vengerov, Israeli violinist, born in Novosibirsk, in 1974
- Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player, born in Nyagan in 1987
- Nikolai Borschevsky, ice hockey player.
- Innokenty Annensky, literary figure.
- Dmitry Yazov, Marshal of the Soviet Union
- Tatiana Usova, model
- Agvan Dorzhiev, Buddhist
- Eduard Artemyev, composer, featured in many Tarkovsky films.
- Andrey Zvyagintsev (director), director of The Return (2003 film)
- Israel Shamir
- Alexander Karelin
See also
| Geography portal |
References
- ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ^ Healing oils from pristine Siberian wilderness
- ^ Малый энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона (The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, in Russian)
- ^ Сибирь—Большая советская энциклопедия (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, in Russian)
- ^ Сибирь- Словарь современных географических названий (in Russian)
- ^ Siberia--Britannica online encyclopedia
- ^ Siberia--The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
- ^ Carl De Keyzer, Zona at the Impressions Gallery, BBC
- ^ The Gulag Collection: Paintings of Nikolai Getman
- ^ What Became of the CIA?, by Gabriel Schoenfeld. Also see this
- ^ Deported Nationalities
- ^ Anne Applebaum -- Gulag: A History Intro
- ^ Historical Weather for Novosibirsk, Russia. weatherbase.com Last accessed November 6, 2006.
- ^ "Гидрометцентр России" (in Russian). http://meteoinfo.ru/NovosibirskClimat. Retrieved on January 08 2009.
- ^ "Altai: Saving the Pearl of Siberia". http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?list=type&type=83. Retrieved on 2006-11-30.
- ^ Siberian Germans
- ^ According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 300,000 of them are Volga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.[1]
- ^ Ethnographic map of Siberia
- ^ Russian Embassy website — Religion in Russia
- ^ Planting Jewish roots in Siberia
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Siberia |
- Siberia travel guide from Wikitravel
- The Green Tower, Siberia
- Siberian Expedition website, by Benjamin Isitt
- Siberia, article in Encarta Encyclopedia
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Categories: Geography of Russia | Eurasian steppe | Asia | Siberia
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Daily Camera
Siberia : a cruel place of exile, unimaginable cold, gulags, emptiness. In 1982, Russian geologists exploring a remote region of Siberia discovered a family ...
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Siberia
ue, 21 Jul 2009 19:30:04 GM
Posted by . Siberia. On July - 21 - 2009. Listen up guys! If you want one more chance to win one of 10 beta keys then all you have to do is sign up to the Global Agenda beta using the referall code 'tentonhammer' (obviously minus the ...
Q. I am doing a report on the Bering Land Bridge and i cant seem the exact distance from east to west. Is it 55 miles or not? Thanks!
Asked by Emma - Mon Sep 22 10:31:42 2008 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Yes it is.
Answered by No, I won't do your homework - Mon Sep 22 10:55:22 2008
