Christ Information
Christ is the English term for the Greek Χριστός (Khristós) meaning "the anointed one".[1] It is a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Māšîaḥ), usually transliterated into English as Messiah.
The word is used as a title, hence its common reciprocal use Christ Jesus, meaning "Jesus The Messiah". Followers of Jesus became known as Christians because they believe that Jesus is the Christ, or Messiah, prophesied in the Tanakh (which Christians term the Old Testament). The majority of Jews reject this claim and are still waiting for the Messiah to come (see Jewish Messiah). Most Christians now wait for the Second Coming of Christ when they believe he will fulfill the rest of the Messianic prophecy.
The area of Christian theology focusing on the identity, life, teachings and works of Jesus, is known as Christology.
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Etymology
Further information: Chrism and Christian (word)The spelling Christ (Greek Genitive: τοῦ Χριστοῦ, toú Christoú,; Nominative: ὁ Χριστὸς, ho Christós) in English was standardized in the 18th century, when, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, the spelling of certain words was changed to fit their Greek or Latin origins. Prior to this, in Old and Middle English, the word was usually spelled Crist the i being pronounced either as /iː/, preserved in the names of churches such as St Katherine Cree, or as a short /ɪ/, preserved in the modern pronunciation of Christmas). The spelling "Christ" is attested from the 14th century.[2]
The term Christ (or similar) appears in English and most European languages, owing to the Greek usage of Christós (transcribed in Latin as Christus) in the New Testament as a description for Jesus. In the Septuagint version of the Hebrew Bible, it was used to translate into Greek the Hebrew mashiach (messiah), meaning "anointed."[3]
Khristós in classical Greek usage could mean covered in oil,, or annointed,[4] and is thus a literal translation of messiah.
Orthodox Christian views
See also: Jesus and New Testament view on Jesus' lifeThis section contains views that have generally been agreed upon among Christians for two millennia. The New Testament records that the Messiah, long awaited, had come and describes this savior as The Christ. The apostle Peter, in what has become a famous proclamation of faith among Christians since the first century, said, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."[Matt 16:16]
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Teachings about Jesus and testimonies about what he accomplished during his three-year public ministry are found throughout the New Testament. Core biblical teachings about the person of Jesus Christ may be summarized that Jesus Christ was and forever is fully God (divine) and, in time and history, became fully human, uniting his human nature and his divine nature in one divine person.[5] Scripture asserts that Jesus was conceived, by a miraculous work of the Holy Spirit, in the womb of his virgin mother Mary without a human father.[6] As a divine person, he is not another God, but one God with the Father and the Holy Spirit, the second person of the blessed Trinity. He is eternally coming from the Father, as the eternal Word (Logos) of the Father. He is the one in whom the Father eternally knows Himself. This Word became flesh at the Incarnation, in the womb of the virgin Mary.
The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews says:
Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.
– Josephus[7]
Various texts titled "Apostles' Creed", dating from the third century A.D., and still in current use among Christians, describe Jesus as
- The only son of God the Father
- Having the Virgin Mary as mother
- Crucified on the authority of Pontius Pilate
- Having been dead and buried
- Having "descended into hell" or "descended to the dead" (sometimes omitted)
- Rising from the dead after 3 days or "on the third day"
- Having "ascended into heaven"
- Sitting "at the right hand" of God
- Destined to return to earth, and then to pass judgment on all humans who have ever lived
Christ is seen as the fulfilment of the Jewish Scriptures. St. Paul proclaims him as the new Adam, who restores through obedience what Adam lost through disobedience. He is also identified with the Passover Lamb in John, and is thus the new Moses, giver of the new commandment and High Priest of the blood of the new covenant. Christ is unique as priest, for he is the one who offers and the sacrifice offered. He becomes the new temple, the holy of holies where God meets man; and the Church becomes his Bride, Body and Temple, a People of God drawn from every nation and tribe. These images are complementary. The Church is bride as new Eve, formed from the opening of his side at the cross, and the blood and water that flows from that wound. The early Christians saw here an image of the water of baptism and the blood of the "mysteries". As bride, the two become one Body, and as Body, she becomes the temple of the Holy Spirit.
Henri de Lubac presents the traditional four senses of Scripture as relating directly to the fulfilment of Scripture by Christ. The first sense is the literal, which describes real events and people. The second is the allegorical, where all in Scripture is fulfilled in the historical mission of Christ. The third is the moral, where all that is fulfilled in Christ the head must be fulfilled in his body the Church, in each soul and in the whole of history. The fourth is the anagogical, where all finds its ultimate fulfilment with Christ in glory. For example: "Let there be light" in Genesis refers to the creation of physical light literally. In Christ it means: "Let the light of Christ come into the world". In the Church it means: "Let the light of Christ flood the Church - let the members of the Church become light for the world" and ultimately it means: "Let the whole of creation come into the light of Christ in heaven - where God will light the city."
Heterodox Christian views
This section contains views and doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position.
Christian Science
In the theology of Christian Science, Mary Baker Eddy, wrote in her book, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, that:
The invisible Christ was imperceptible to the so-called personal senses, whereas Jesus appeared as a bodily existence. This dual personality of the unseen and the seen, the spiritual and material, the eternal Christ and the corporeal Jesus manifest in flesh, continued until the Master's ascension, when the human, material concept, or Jesus, disappeared, while the spiritual self, or Christ, continues to exist in the eternal order of divine Science, taking away the sins of the world, as the Christ has always done, even before the human Jesus was incarnate to mortal eyes."[8]
Eddy wrote that while Jesus, as a material man, was not the exact ontological or quantitative equivalent to God, he thoroughly embodied the spiritual sonship of God's nature. In Christian Science, the Christ, or divine manifestation of God, continues forever to enlighten humanity and to destroy sickness, sin, and death.[9]
Gnostic
See also: Sophia (wisdom) and New ThoughtThe gnostics generally believed not in a Jesus who was a divine person with a human form, but in a spiritual christ who dwelt in Jesus. Through the spiritual path of gnosticism, followers of these schools believed that they could experience the same knowledge, or gnosis. Some gnostic texts say that in order to be called worthy of the title 'Christian,' one must also be anointed with Holy oil and that the water baptism alone is incomplete. One of those is the gnostic Gospel of Philip states several such instances, one being:
The 'Chrism' is superior to baptism, for it is from the word 'Chrism' that we have been called 'Christians,' certainly not because of the word 'baptism.' And it is because of the 'Chrism' that the 'Christ' has his name. For the Father anointed the Son, the Son anointed the apostles, and the apostles anointed us. He who has been anointed possesses everything. He possesses the Resurrection, the Light, the Cross, the Holy Spirit. The Father gave him this in the bridal chamber, he merely accepted the gift. The Father was in the Son and the Son in the Father. This is the Kingdom of Heaven.[10]
The Gnostics believed that matter had an evil source and was evil. They believed that the divine being emanated a lesser being, who in turn emanated a lesser being and so forth, until one so inferior, the Demiurge, existed, who made the physical world. Then, in a war between these higher spiritual forces and the source of matter, human beings emerged, with a spark of the divine trapped in evil confines of the body. Salvation then consists in ascending through knowledge beyond the limits of the body. When Christ is proclaimed, the Gnostics incorporate him into their system, though with varying views as to how to cope with his humanity. For some (the Docetists) he is like a ghost who only appears to have a body; for others (the adoptionists) he uses the human body of someone else. Most Gnostics reject the virgin birth and even the crucifixion. Some (the Marcionites) only accepted one of the four gospels (that of Luke) and even then rejected the passages about Jesus' birth. Others (followers of Valentinus) divided the Scriptures into parts inspired by the spirit (and thus infallible), the soul (and thus good but needing correction) and the body (and thus tainted with error). Valentinus saw the old testament God as different from the new. The former is evil as the creator of matter and a god of vengeful war. The latter is the Father of Jesus, merciful and loving. St Irenaeus appealed to the unity of the teaching of bishops and their unbroken line with the apostles to refute the gnostic teachings of his time which he said were inconsistent from place to place and guru to guru. Other Gnostic texts with Jesus Christ include the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Mary.
Neo-Theosophy
In Neo-Theosophy, C.W. Leadbeater promulgated a Nestorian/Gnostic Christology that was taught by Alice A. Bailey, is taught by Benjamin Creme, and is accepted today by most Theosophists. This theology asserts that a powerful being from the higher spiritual planes known as the Maitreya overshadowed the being Theosophists know as the Master Jesus during the ministry of Jesus, such that there were two beings (two souls) in one body—Maitreya was the Christ and the Master Jesus was Jesus; the combination of the two beings functioned as Jesus Christ.[11][12] Those adherent to the Ascended Master Teachings, a group of religions derived from Theosophy, believe in the existence of the Maitreya; however, they believe that although he encouraged the mission of Jesus, he did not actually overshadow Jesus.[13]
Western Wisdom Teachings
In the WWT, the Solar System is the Creation[14] of the collective Great Being God - Elohim, its threefold Architect and sustainer; the celestial bodies of this portion of Space, permeated by different planes of existence having varying density and vibration, are home to various life waves of virgin spirits, differentiated within God Himself, and in different evolutionary stages of consciousness. The Sun, depicted above, is seen as the seat of the Christ Spirit, The Son, Who has become partially confined to the Earth, as its Regent, through the Great Sacrifice of Christ-Jesus on Calvary.- See also: Second Coming and Esoteric Christianity
In the Rosicrucian writings of Max Heindel, also known as Western Wisdom Teachings, there is a distinction to be made between Jesus and the Christ.[15] Jesus is considered a high Initiate of the human life wave (the cycle of rebirth) and of a singularly pure type of mind, vastly superior to the great majority of the present humanity. Among the esoteric insights into the composite nature of Christ-Jesus and the uplifting mission of the Christ, the Esoteric Christian philosophy of the Rosicrucians teaches that:
On Golgotha, the physical body of the Christ[16] was destroyed amid certain phenomena recorded in the Bible, and the Christ Spirit drew into the earth. Up to that time the earth had been worked upon from without. As the group spirits guide animals from without, so the earth had been guided in its orbit, and mankind had been led on the path of evolution entirely by Jehovah, but from that time the Christ became our indwelling Earth-Spirit. He now guides our planet in its orbit, and is endeavoring to replace the regime of war inaugurated by Jehovah, on the one hand, and the Martial Lucifer Spirits, on the other, by a regime of altruism, a reign of Universal Friendship. We hear much about Universal Brotherhood, but it is not necessary to form societies to proclaim that we are brothers; everyone knows that, there is no need of calling attention to that fact. Brothers and sisters are not always harmonious, however, they must be harmonious if they are to be friends, and therefore Christ instituted a much higher ideal when He called His disciples friends:— "If ye love one another, if ye keep my commandments, then ye are my friends."[17]
From the viewpoint of the Rosicrucian cosmology, our home Solar system is God's habitation;[18] the Sun is the indwelling "bright morning-star"[19] of the Christ Spirit—the "Sun of righteousness," the "Light of the World," the Solar Logos[20] —Who founded the catholic, meaning 'universal', lofty Christian religion, the only religion that is looking for the “One Who is to come again”; whereas the Moon(s) is(are) the working platform of the lunar God Jehovah, the builder of concrete bodies or forms (and, thus, the giver of children) and the founder of all separative race-religions, that still look for the “One Who is to come”; and Mars (not Venus), the red planet, is the abode of the fallen selfish Lucifer spirits. Further, it is described that the great Sun-spirit Christ became the Regent of our planet at the moment He secured His admission into the Earth[21] through the Cleansing Blood ("... the soul of all flesh is in the blood...")[Lev. 17:11,14] that flowed at the crucifixion of Christ-Jesus.[22]
"Χ" as an abbreviation for "Christ"
See also: ChristogramThe use of "Χ," derived from Chi, the Greek alphabet initial, as an abbreviation for Christ (most commonly in the abbreviation "Χmas") is often misinterpreted as a modern secularization of the term. Thus understood, the centuries-old English word Χmas, is actually a shortened form of CHmas, which is, itself, a shortened form for Christmas. Christians are sometimes referred to as "Xians," with the 'X' replacing 'Christ.[23]
See also
- Anointing of Jesus
- Antichrist
- Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
- Son of Man
- Josephus on Jesus
References
- ^ "Etymology Online: ''Christ''". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Christ. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "Christ"
- ^ "Etymology Online: ''messiah''". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=messiah. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- ^ Grudem, Wayne A. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Zondervan, 1994. ISBN 0310286700
- ^ Matthew 1:18-25, Luke 1:35, Luke 3:23
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 18, Chapter 3, Section 3
- ^ Science and Health 334
- ^ "The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science)". Religioustolerance.org. http://www.religioustolerance.org/cr_sci.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Lee, A. D. (2000). Pagans and Christians in late antiquity. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 9780415138925.
- ^ Leadbeater, C.W. The Masters and the Path Adyar, Madras, India: 1925--Theosophical Publishing House Page 278
- ^ Creme, Benjamin Maitreya's Mission—Volume III Amsterdam:1997 Share International Foundtion Page 64
- ^ Prophet, Mark Studies of the Human Aura Colorado Springs, Colorado: 1975 - Summit University Press (Claimed to have been dictated from the ascended master Kuthumi") Page 17
- ^ Note: see also Formation and evolution of the Solar System
- ^ Max Heindel, The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception (Part III, Chapter XV: Christ and His Mission), November 1909, ISBN 0-911274-34-0
- ^ Brief note on Christology and the historical Jesus: according to the Rosicrucian Philosophy, the physical body of the Christ was the physical body of Jesus who, having been under preparation among the Essene brotherhood (the third Jewish sect of that period; cf. Josephus) as a τεκτων (tekton) or disciple of high degree, voluntarly submitted it to the Christ Spirit, at the moment of the Baptism, when the heavens open with the descent of the Spirit and a voice from Heaven speaks: "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased." [Mt 3:17] [Mk 1:11] [Lk 3:21-22], for His use on the physical world until the climax of His Mission on Golgotha.
- ^ Heindel, Max. How Shall We Know Christ At His Coming?. May 1913 (stenographic report of a lecture, Los Angeles). ISBN 0-911274-64-2
- ^ Note: cf. Psalm 19:1-6
- ^ Note: cf. Revelation 22:16
- ^ Note: cf. Matthew 17:2 Revelation 1:16
- ^ Note: cf. Ephesians 4:9-10
- ^ The Rosicrucian Fellowship. Rosicrucian Bible MysteriesPDF. Compilation, 2001
- ^ "X". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
Further reading
- De La Torre, Miguel A., "The Quest for the Cuban Christ: A Historical Search," University Press of Florida, 2002.
- Harpur, Tom, The Pagan Christ: Recovering the Lost Light. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers, 2004.
- Riparelli, Enrico, I mille volti di Cristo. Religioni ed eresie dinanzi a Gesù di Nazareth, Edizioni Messaggero - Facoltà Teologica del Triveneto, Padova 2010, 432 pp., ISBN 9788825026320
- McDowell, Joshua and Don Stewart, Handbook of Today's Religions, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1983.
- Ott, Ludwig, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, 1957.
- Michalopoulos, Dimitris (2006): "Islam and Christendom: The distorted relationship". Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar, 2, Otoño 2006. Págs. 201-206.
External links
- Jesus and Jerusalem feeljerusalem.com
- Messianic prophecies fulfilled by Jesus About-Jesus.org
- Jewish Messiah Criteria Jews for Judaism
- Linkages Between Two God-Men Saviors: Christ and Krishna religioustolerance.org
- Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries OODE
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Categories: Greek loanwords | Jesus | Septuagint words and phrases | Christian terms
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