List of Youth Subcultures Information

This is a list of subcultures.

A

• Alcoholics Anonymous^[1]
• Anarcho-punk

B

• BDSM^[2]
• Beat Generation,^[3] see Beatnik
• Biker, see also Motorcycle clubs and Outlaw motorcycle clubs
• Bills^[4]
• Bodybuilding^[5]
• Bohemianism^[6]
• Bōsōzoku^[7]
• Brony

C

• Casuals^[8]
• Cosplayers^[9]
• Cybergoth^[10]

D

• Dark culture
• Deaf culture^[11]
• Demoscene^[12]

E

• Emo^[13]

F

• Fandom^[14]
• Fetish subculture, see Omorashi
• Freak scene^[15]
• Furry fandom ^[16]

G

• Gamer
• Glam rock and glam metal^[17]
• Gopnik
• Goth subculture^[18]
• Gothic Lolita^[9][19]
• Greaser (subculture)^[20]
• Grunge

H

• Hacker,^[21] see Hacker (free and open source software) and Hacker (computer security)
• Hardline (subculture)
• Hip hop culture, see also B-boy, Graffiti artists
• Hippie/Hippy^[22]
• Hipster, see Hipster (1940s subculture) and Hipster (contemporary subculture)

I

• Industrial,^[23] see also Rivethead.

J

• Juggalo^[24]
• Juggling^[25]
• Junglist

L

• Leather subculture
• LGBT culture, see also Bears (Gay)

M

• Mangas
• Mod (subculture),^[26] see Mod revival
• Metalcore^[27]
• Heavy Metal^[28]
• Military brat

N

• Nazi punk
• New Age
• New Romanticism^[29]
• Nudism/Naturism^[30]
• Northern Soul

O

• Otaku^[31]
• Otherkin, see also Vampire lifestyle and Therianthropy

P

• Pachuco^[32]
• Pokémon
• Polyamory
• Preppy^[33]
• Punk subculture^[34]

Q

• Queer culture

R

• Raggare
• Rave^[35]
• Riot Grrrl^[36]
• Rivethead, see Industrial music
• Rockabilly^[37]
• Rocker (subculture)^[38]
• Role-playing gamers^[39]
• Rude boy^[37][40]

S

• Science fiction fandom
• Scooterboy^[41]
• Scouting^[42]
• Skater
• Skinhead;^[43] See also: Gay skinhead,^[43] Redskin (subculture), Trojan skinhead, White power skinhead & Suedehead^[44]
• Steampunk^[45]
• Stilyaga
• Soulboy^[46]
• Straight edge
• Surf culture
• Swing Kids
• Swinging ^[47]

T

• Teenybopper^[48]
• Teddy Boy^[49]
• Trekkie^[50]

Z

• Zazou^[51]

See also

• History of Western Subcultures in the 20th Century
• Lifestyle (sociology)
• Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
• Youth subculture

Notes

1. ^ Sources for Alcoholics Anonymous:
   • Klaus Mäkelä, Alcoholics Anonymous, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe (1996). Alcoholics Anonymous as a mutual-help movement: a study in eight societies. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299150046, 9780299150044. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlwWuc20kMgC&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227&dq=subculture+Klaus+M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4,+Alcoholics+Anonymous&source=bl&ots=tKUIskATL0&sig=4s7T2UfhvHHyUVTv6Q2nLU4caV4&hl=en&ei=e7eETsXINoSQsALNnuCRDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true.
2. ^ BDSM sources:
   • Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.
   • Sandra R. Leiblum (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 1593853491, 9781593853495. http://books.google.com/?id=IoG26ZJ-gkkC&pg=PA380&vq=bdsm+subculture.
3. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages 295. Chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
4. ^ Theodore Trefon (2004), Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa (illustrated ed.), Zed Books, p. 138, ISBN 9781842774915, http://books.google.com/books?id=5VAAHi93y0sC
5. ^ Sources for Bodybuilding:
   • Alan M. Klein (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791415597, 9780791415597. http://books.google.com/?id=z-ax2426Kw0C&pg=PA6&vq=subculture.
   • KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams sociologisch tijdschrift 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2454011.
   • Andrew Yiannakis, Merrill J. Melnick (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 0736037101, 9780736037105. http://books.google.com/?id=NNuDZJtRweUC&pg=PA413&vq=bodybuilding+subculture.
6. ^ Sources:
   • Gerald W. McFarland (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 9781558492998. http://books.google.com/?id=0_yDbFQjwaoC&pg=PP4&vq=bohemian+bohemianism+subculture.
   • Mike Brake (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0710003641. http://books.google.es/books?id=V6g9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA90&dq=bohemian+subculture#v=onepage&q=bohemian%20subculture&f=false.
7. ^ Joachim Kersten (2003). "Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan". Crime & Delinquency 39 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1177/0011128793039003002. http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/39/3/277.
8. ^ Sources:
   • ^{Ken Gelder} pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
   • Steve Redhead (Autumn 2004). "Hit and Tell: a Review Essay on the Soccer Hooligan Memoir" (PDF). Soccer and Society 5 (3): 392–403. doi:10.1080/1466097042000279625. http://www.pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc1.pdf.
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav
   • Juliet Ash, Lee Wright (chapter author: Deborah Lloyd) (1988). "Assemblage and subculture: the Casuals and their clothing". Components of dress: design, manufacturing, and image-making in the fashion industry (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 100–106. ISBN 0415006473. http://books.google.com/?id=03w9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=casuals+subculture.
9. ^ ^{a b} Isaac Gagné (June 2008). "Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology (Blackwell Publishing) 18 (1): 130–150(21). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/jola/2008/00000018/00000001/art00007.
10. ^ ^{bell 2001}, pages 101-102, 154-184
11. ^ Sources:
    • Marc Marschark (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 0195115759, 9780195115758. http://books.google.com/?id=7-Xi91OINwIC&pg=PA20&vq=Deaf+subculture.
    • Jeffery P. Braden (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 0306446863, 9780306446863. http://books.google.com/?id=9u2t-nrEIIsC&pg=PA49&vq=Deaf+subculture.
12. ^ Sources:
    • René T. A. Lysloff, Leslie C. Gay (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38,50 58, isbn = 0819565148, 9780819565143.
    • "Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago. http://www2.colum.edu/course_descriptions/36-1930J.html.
13. ^ Sources for emo subculture:
    • Shirley R. Steinberg, Priya Parmar, Birgit Richard (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313337292. http://books.google.com/?id=KgNHAAAAMAAJ&vq=emo+subculture. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
    • Lydia Scott, Anna Chur-Hansen (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry 16 (5): 359. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a793644932~db=all.
    • Michele Kirsch (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article683312.ece. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
    • Chris Hawley (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-14-emo_N.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
    • Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 5 (3): 1–5. http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol5iss3/martin.pdf.
    • Ianto Ware (August 7, 2008). "Andrew Keen Vs the Emos: Youth, Publishing, and Transliteracy". M/C Journal 11 (4). http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/41.
14. ^ Harris, Cheryl; Alexander, Alison (1998). Theorizing fandom : fans, subculture and identity. Hampton Press. ISBN 1572731141 157273115X 157273115X (pbk.) 157273115X. http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2023772.
15. ^ Fred Davis, Laura Munoz (2011), "8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies", in Lee Rainwater, Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy, Aldine Transaction, pp. 88–95, ISBN 9781412815031, http://books.google.com/books?id=-QmeFSAE8G8C
16. ^ Sources:
    • Kendall, Lori (Spring 2008). "James Bond, Peter Pan, and A Sticky Night of Love: Irony and Masculinities in Amateur Animated Videos Journal". The Journal of Men's Studies (Men's Studies Press) 16 (2): 124–139. doi:10.3149/jms.1602.124. ISSN (Print) 1933-0251 (Online) 1060-8265 (Print) 1933-0251 (Online). http://mensstudies.metapress.com/content/m7126715uj0qk666/. "(...)sion of images of furries (a subculture of people (...) and other stigmatized identities, such as furries) can be (...)"
    • Lori Kendall (2002). Hanging out in the virtual pub: masculinities and relationships online (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0520230388, 9780520230385. http://books.google.com/?id=NMqtEGrumZAC&pg=PA45&vq=furry+furries+antifurry.
17. ^ Sources for glam:
    • Jon Stratton (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies 4 (1). http://humanities.curtin.edu.au/schools/MCCA/ccs/AJCS_journal/J4V1/J4V1Why%20doesn't%20anybody%20write%20anything%20about%20glam%20rock.htm.
    • Gina Marchetti (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42). http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC42folder/FringeCultures.html.
    • Peter Childs, Mike Storry (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 0415147263, 9780415147262. http://books.google.com/?id=2u1yAksuT0QC&pg=PA229&vq=glam+subculture.
    • ^Goodlad, pages: 6, 19-20, 34-35, 66, 78, 92, 259
18. ^ Catherine Spooner, Emma McEvoy (2007). The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge. pp. 195–196, 263–264. ISBN 0415398436.
19. ^ Mary Jane Kehily, Open University (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (illustrated ed.). London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 1412930642. http://books.google.com/?id=wm71xZpy_ZkC&pg=PA268&vq=gothic+lolita+gothi-loli+subculture.
20. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
21. ^ Sources:
    • ^{bell 2001},pages 179-185
    • Douglas Thomas (0816633460, 9780816633463). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780816633463. http://books.google.com/?id=xgjHgtL28CAC&pg=PA141&vq=hacker+subculture.
22. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
    • 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder
    • 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
    • 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;
    • 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
    • 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
    • 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
23. ^ ^Goodlad, page 68-71
24. ^ Sources:
    • Karen Bettez Halnon (Winter 2006). "Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism". Symbolic Interaction 29 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1525/si.2006.29.1.33.
    • Karen Bettez Halnon (2004). "Inside Shock Music Carnival: Spectacle as Contested Terrain". Critical Sociology 30 (3): 743–779. doi:10.1163/1569163042119868.
25. ^ Billy Baker (2007-03-05). "Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/03/25/up_for_the_count/. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
26. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
    • 84, 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;
    • 94, 101, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
27. ^ "Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations". http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Fashioncore.
28. ^ Sources:
    • Jeffrey Arnett (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 0 12 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w6108m474v72385w/.
    • ^Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265
29. ^ Jon Stratton (1986). "Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock?". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies 4 (1): 15–38. http://humanities.curtin.edu.au/schools/MCCA/ccs/AJCS_journal/J4V1/J4V1Why%20doesn't%20anybody%20write%20anything%20about%20glam%20rock.htm.
30. ^ Sources for nudism:
    • Karl Eric Toepfer (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 0520206630, 9780520206632. http://books.google.com/?id=FgvYUZh75WwC&pg=PA31&vq=nudism+subculture.
    • Edwin B. Steen, James H. Price (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486255441, 9780486255446. http://books.google.com/?id=tskaUI5KYLoC&vq=nudism+subculture. Pages: 179 194-196
31. ^ Sources:
    • ^{Ken Gelder} pages: 516, 550
    • Sandra Buckley (2002). Taylor & Francis. ed. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 380. ISBN 0415143446. http://books.google.com/?id=tOaHI25bn-kC&pg=PA380&vq=otaku+OR+subculture+OR+subcultures+OR+subcultural.
32. ^ Pachuco sources:
    • Eva Paulino Bueno, Terry Caesar, University Library System, Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburgh (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7,14,227–229,230–232,243. ISBN 0822956861. http://books.google.com/?id=jxjQdKMDPOYC&pg=PA227&vq=pachuco+subculture.
    • Margaret M. Lock, Judith Farquhar (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 0822338459. http://books.google.com/?id=65_wXDavMoUC&pg=PA349&vq=pachuco+subculture.
    • Joe Austin; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 0814706460. http://books.google.com/?id=dyXC3oyvmqcC&pg=PA153&vq=pachuco+subculture.
    • ^{Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer
33. ^ John D. DeLamater (2003). Handbook of social psychology (illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 165–168. ISBN 0306476959, 9780306476952. http://books.google.com/?id=-x4jOgoadvUC&pg=PA165&vq=preppies+subcultures.
34. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
    • 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
    • 121-124, 127-128 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
    • 138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
35. ^ Sources:
    • ^{Ken Gelder}
      • chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192
      • chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496
      • chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543
    • Angela McRobbie (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 0415077133, 9780415077132. http://books.google.com/?id=FOhwrt8kjHsC&pg=PA168&vq=rave+subculture.
    • Cameron Hazlehurst (1998). Transaction Publishers. ed. Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 1560003634, 9781560003632. http://books.google.com/?id=JhObWrzxcWIC&pg=PA60&vq=rave+subculture.
    • Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 9287153965, 9789287153968. http://books.google.com/?id=jCdO77_24zcC&pg=PA181&vq=rave+subculture.
    • Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, Greg Smith, Garry Crawford, Scott McCracken, Miles Ogborn, Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 1405858435, 9781405858434. http://books.google.com/?id=jl2dzvtgvbEC&pg=PA258&dq=rave+subculture+subcultures.
36. ^ Sources:
    • ^Goodlad, page 67
    • ^Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney
    • ^Muggleton, 253-256
37. ^ ^{a b Muggleton}, pages 721,728
38. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
    • 94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
    • 295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
39. ^ Sources:
    • Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38,236-???. ISBN 0226249441, 9780226249445. http://books.google.com/?id=rLlLbN0XuSEC&pg=PA25&vq=gamer+subculture.
    • Stanley W. Beeler, Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson; Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1845111834, 9781845111830. http://books.google.com/?id=MO30KAzBb_MC&pg=PA189&vq=role+playing+subculture.
40. ^ Sources:
    • ^Epstein, page 100
    • ^{Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)
41. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
    • 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
    • 131 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
42. ^ Sources for Scouting:
    • Tammy M. Proctor (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0871699222, 9780871699220. http://books.google.com/books?id=4y0LAAAAIAAJ&dq=scout+subculture&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
43. ^ ^{a b Ken Gelder} pages:
    • 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
    • 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson
    • 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
    • 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw
44. ^ "The Skinheads". Time. 1970-06-08. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909318,00.html?promoid=googlep. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
45. ^ Sources for steampunk:
    • Erico Gizzo. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum (10.08 vol 45 number 10). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04635034.
    • La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/fashion/08PUNK.html?ex=1210824000&en=37050ac6c0c4b37f&ei=5070. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
    • "Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk" (in portuguese). e-compos Revista da Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação. 6 Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006. http://www.compos.org.br/seer/index.php/e-compos/article/view/81/81.
    • Adriana Amaral (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo" (in portuguese). Famecos (37): footnote 13 in page 6. http://revcom2.portcom.intercom.org.br/index.php/famecos/article/view/5553/5037.
46. ^ http://www.ica.org.uk/20362/DANCESCHOOL/Subjective-Thoughts-On-A-Neglected-Scene.html
47. ^ Sources for swinging:
    • Mary Lindenstein Walshok ‌ (April 1971). "The Emergence of Middle-Class Deviant Subcultures: The Case of Swingers". Social Problems 18 (4): 488–495. doi:10.1525/sp.1971.18.4.03a00060. http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/sp.1971.18.4.03a00060.
    • Marilyn Coleman, Lawrence H. Ganong, Kelly Warzinik (2007). Family Life in 20th-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 276–278. ISBN 0313333564, 9780313333569. http://books.google.com/?id=8Bj3FhBVNSYC&pg=PA276&vq=swinging+subculture.
48. ^ Sources:
    • ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
      • 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
      • 111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
    • Mike Brake (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 0710003641. http://books.google.com/?id=V6g9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA143&vq=teenybopper+subculture.
49. ^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
    • 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
    • 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
    • 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
    • 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen
    • 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder
    • 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T.R.Fyvel
    • 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
    • 367, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
50. ^ Trekkie sources:
    • Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/handle/10072/2442?mode=full. "The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED."
    • ^{bell 2001} page 167–169
    • Robert V. Kozinets (June 2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek’s Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research 28 (1): 67. doi:10.1086/321948.
51. ^ Zazou sources:
    • Larry Portis (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, TX: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 1589395476. http://books.google.com/?id=QNi4KH0yYYgC&pg=PA103&vq=zazou+subculture.
    • Diana Crane (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 0226117995. http://books.google.com/?id=vphcHONAXmwC&pg=RA1-PA183&vq=zazou+subculture.
    • Anthony Uhlmann (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0521640768. http://books.google.com/?id=jYeqHnyuk6QC&pg=PA56&vq=zazou+subculture.

References

• Bell, David, ed (2001). "Cybersubcultures". An Introduction to Cybercultures. Routledge. ISBN 0415246598, 9780415246590.
• Epstein, Jonathon S. (1998). Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1557868514.
• Gelder, Ken, ed (2005). The Subcultures Reader. Routledge. ISBN 9780415344159. http://books.google.com/?id=46OYHkjZR4AC&pg=PA110&vq=rocker+subculture. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
• Goodlad, Lauren M. E.; Bibby, Michael (2007). Goth. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822339218, 9780822339212. http://books.google.com/?id=OdpOdIATKOcC&pg=PA35&vq=glam+subculture.
• Muggleton, David (2002). Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. Berg Publishers. ISBN 1859733522.

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• Subcultures

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