The ogonek ([ɔˈɡɔnɛk], Polish for "little tail", the diminutive In language structure, a diminutive, or diminutive form, is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. It is the opposite of an augmentative of ogon; Lithuanian Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad. Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian, although they are not mutually intelligible. It is written in an nosinė) is a diacritic A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign) is an ancillary glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Greek διακριτικός (diakritikós, "distinguishing"). Diacritic is both an adjective and a noun, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, and was initially developed by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language used in several European and Native American languages.

Ą ą
Ą̊ ą̊
Ę ę
Į į
Ǫ ǫ
Ǭ ǭ
Ų ų
Y̨ y̨
Diacritical marks A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign) is an ancillary glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Greek διακριτικός (diakritikós, "distinguishing"). Diacritic is both an adjective and a noun, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the

accent

acute accent The acute accent is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts ( ´ )
double acute accent The double acute accent is a diacritic mark of the Latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. Consequently, it is sometimes referred to as Hungarumlaut or Hungarian umlaut.. The signs formed with diacritic marks are letters of their own right in the Hungarian alphabet ( ˝ )
grave accent The grave accent is a diacritical mark used in written Breton, Catalan, Dutch, French, Greek until 1982 (polytonic orthography), Italian, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, Welsh, and other languages ( ` )
double grave accent ( ̏ )

breve A breve is a diacritical mark ˘, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. It looks similar to the caron (i.e. wedge or háček in Czech), but the caron has a sharp tip, whilst the breve is rounded. Compare Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ (caron) with Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ (breve) ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla The tail originated in Spain as the bottom half of a miniature cursive "z" . The word "cedilla" is the diminutive of the Old Spanish name for this letter, ceda (zeta). Modern Spanish, however, no longer uses this diacritic, although it is still current in Portuguese Catalan and French, which gives English the alternative ( ¸ ) circumflex The circumflex (often called a "caret", from the non-diacritical sign (^) of a similar shape) is a diacritic mark used in written Afrikaans, Breton, Croatian, Esperanto, French, Frisian, Italian, Romanized Japanese, Norwegian, Romanized Persian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Turkish, Vietnamese, Welsh and other languages. It ( ^ ) diaeresis / umlaut The word umlaut is the name of a type of sound shift in spoken language and of the diacritic mark used to represent it orthographically. The diacritic mark comprises a pair of dots or lines ( ¨ ) placed over the letter that represents the affected vowel sound. When the letter is an i, the diacritic replaces the tittle. In German, the three ( ¨ ) dot When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the Interpunct , or to the glyphs 'combining dot above' ( ̇ ) and 'combining dot below' ( ̣ ) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese ( · )

anunaasika ( ˙ )
anusvara Anusvara is the diacritic used to mark a type of nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Depending on the location of the anusvara in the word, and on the language within which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary greatly ( ̣ )
chandrabindu ( ँ ঁ ઁ ଁ ఁ )

hook / dấu hỏi In typesetting, the hook is a diacritic mark placed on top of vowels in the Vietnamese alphabet. In shape it looks like a tiny question mark without the dot underneath. For example, a capital A with a hook is "Ả", and a lower case "u" with a hook is "ủ". It functions as a tone marker. Vowels with this symbol are ( ̉ ) horn / dấu móc ( ̛ ) macron A macron, from Greek μακρόv meaning "long", is a diacritic placed over or under a vowel, originally used to mark a long (i.e., heavy) syllable in Græco-Roman metrics, but now also indicates that the vowel is long. (The opposite is a breve ˘, used to indicate originally a short syllable and now also a short vowel.) Distinctions ( ¯ ) ogonek ( ˛ ) ring / kroužek A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts ( ˚, ˳ ) rough breathing / spiritus asper The spiritus asper , is a diacritical mark used in the polytonic orthography. In ancient Greek, it indicates initial aspiration, or the presence of the voiceless glottal fricative (/h/) at the beginning of a word. It was maintained in the polytonic orthography even after the /h/ sound disappeared from the Greek language during the Hellenistic ( ῾ ) smooth breathing / spiritus lenis The spiritus lenis is a diacritical mark used in the polytonic orthography. In ancient Greek, it indicates the lack of initial aspiration, or the absence of the voiceless glottal fricative (/h/) from the beginning of a word. Some authorities have interpreted it as representing a glottal stop, but a final vowel at the end of a word is regularly ( ᾿ )
Marks sometimes used as diacritics

apostrophe The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritic mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet or certain other alphabets. In English it has two main functions: it marks omissions, and it assists in marking the possessives of nouns and some pronouns. (In strictly limited cases, it is allowed to assist in marking plurals, but most ( ’ ) bar ( | ) colon As with many other punctuation marks, the usage of colon varies among languages and, for a given language, among historical periods. As a rule, however, a colon informs the reader that what follows proves and explains, or simply enumerates elements of what is referred to before ( : ) comma The comma is a punctuation mark. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text. Some typefaces render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight, or with the appearance of a small filled-in number 9 ( , ) hyphen The hyphen is a punctuation mark. It is used both to join words and also to separate syllables of a single word. It is often confused with dashes ( –, —, ― ), which are longer and have different uses, and with the minus sign ( − ) which is also longer. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation ( ˗ ) tilde The tilde (pronounced /ˈtɪldə/ or /ˈtɪldeɪ/) is a grapheme with several uses. The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus meaning a title or superscription, though the term “tilde” has evolved in that language and now has a different meaning in linguistics ( ~ ) titlo ( ҃ )

Contents

Use

Example in Polish:

Wół go pyta: „Panie chrząszczu,
Po co pan tak brzęczy w gąszczu?”
— Jan Brzechwa Jan Brzechwa , real name Jan Wiktor Lesman (August 15, 1898 – July 2, 1966) was a Polish poet and author, mostly known for his contribution to children's literature. He was also a translator of Russian literature, translating works by Aleksandr Pushkin, Sergey Yesienin and Vladimir Mayakovskiy. He was married twice and had a daughter, Krystyna,, Chrząszcz Chrząszcz by Jan Brzechwa is a poem famous for being one of the hardest to pronounce texts in Polish literature, and may cause problems even for adult, native Polish speakers

Example in Lithuanian:

Lydėdami gęstančią žarą vėlai
Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai
— Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, Margi sakalai

Example in Elfdalian Elfdalian is a linguistic variety of the Scandinavian language branch spoken in the old parish of Övdaln, which is located in the south-eastern part of Älvdalen Municipality in Northern Dalarna, Sweden:

"Ja, eð war įe plåg að gęslkallum, dar eð war slaik uondlostjyner i gęslun."
— Vikar Margit Andersdotter, I fäbodlivet i gamla tider.

Values

Nasalization

The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth. The term stands in opposition to the term "oral vowel" refers to an ordinary vowel without this nasalisation. Note that these terms can be slightly misleading as the air does not come exclusively out of the is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to. This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still follow this convention in phonetic transcription to the present day (see Americanist phonetic notation Americanist phonetic notation is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists (students of Neo-grammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of Native American and European languages. However, the system is generally used for transcribing any language).

The ogonek is also used in academic transliteration of Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic, also known as Old Bulgarian, or Old Macedonian, was the first literary Slavic language, based on the old Solun dialect of the Thessalonica region by the 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius, who used it for translation of the Bible and other Ancient Greek ecclesiastical texts, and for some of. In Polish, Old Church Slavonic, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, and Dalecarlian it indicates that the vowel is nasalized. Even if ę is nasalized e in Polish, ą is nasalized o not a (this is so because of the vowel change — "ą" was a long nasal "a", which turned into short nasal "o", when the vowel quantity distinction disappeared).

Length

In Lithuanian, where it formerly indicated nasalization which is no longer distinctive, it indicates that a vowel is long In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound. Often the chroneme, or the "longness", acts like a consonant, and may etymologically be one such as in Australian English. While not distinctive in most dialects of English, vowel length is an important phonemic factor in many other languages, for instance in Arabic,. The Lithuanian word for "ogonek" is nosinė which literally means "nasal".

Tone

In Navajo, Chiricahua, Western Apache, and Mescalero it can be combined with the acute and grave accents where it indicates high tone Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or inflect words. All languages use pitch to express emotional and other paralinguistic information, and to convey emphasis, contrast, and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish, or in long vowels high, falling, rising tone (e.g. ą́, ǫ́ǫ́, į́į). In the orthography conventions of Willem de Reuse, Western Apache has combinations of ogonek and macron A macron, from Greek μακρόv meaning "long", is a diacritic placed over or under a vowel, originally used to mark a long (i.e., heavy) syllable in Græco-Roman metrics, but now also indicates that the vowel is long. (The opposite is a breve ˘, used to indicate originally a short syllable and now also a short vowel.) Distinctions (e.g. ǭ, į̄į̄).

Similar diacritics: e caudata, o caudata

The e caudata The e caudata is a modified form of the letter E that can be graphically represented as E with ogonek (ę) but which has a distinct history of usage. It was used in Latin from as early as the twelfth century to represent the vowel also written ae or æ (ę), a symbol similar to an e with ogonek, evolved from a ligature In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes are joined as a single glyph. Ligatures usually replace consecutive characters sharing common components and are part of a more general class of glyphs called "contextual forms" where the specific shape of a letter depends on context such as surrounding letters or of a and e in medieval scripts, in Latin Latin is an Italic language historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. Romance languages such as Italian, French, Catalan, Romanian, Spanish, and Portuguese are descended from Latin, while many others, especially European languages, including and Irish Irish is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken natively by a small minority of the Irish population – mostly in Gaeltacht areas – but also plays an important symbolic role in the life of the Irish state, and is used across the country in palaeography Palaeography can be an essential skill for historians and philologists, as it tackles two main difficulties. First, since the style of a single alphabet has evolved constantly it is necessary to know how to decipher its individual characters. Second, scribes often used many abbreviations, usually so that they could write more quickly, and. The o caudata of Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300[1] (letter ǫ, with ǭ/ǫ́) [1] [2] is used to write the open-mid back rounded vowel The open-mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɔ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is O. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents, /ɔ/. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this "hook" in both directions, in combination with several vowels.[3] Despite this distinction, the term "ogonek" is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek.

Typographical notes

The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (in larger type sizes may be relatively quite shorter) and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritic marks used in other languages.

The HTML/Unicode numbers for ogonek letters are

Upper Case Lower Case
Letter HTML Alt Code Letter HTML Alt Code
Ą Ą Alt + 0260 ą ą Alt + 0261
Ę Ę Alt + 0280 ę ę Alt + 0281
Į Į Alt + 0302 į į Alt + 0303
Ǫ Ǫ Alt + 0490 ǫ ǫ Alt + 0491
Ų Ų Alt + 0370 ų ų Alt + 0371
˛ ˛ Alt + 0731

Unicode also provides the ogonek as a combining diacritic mark, at the codepoint #x0328;.

Other encodings

E with ogonek is present in both Latin-2 and Latin-4, as CA (uppercase) and EA (lowercase). In Latin-10 it is located at DD (uppercase) and FD (lowercase).

LaTeX2e

In LaTeX2e macro \k will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding , e.g. \k{a} will typeset ą. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.) The package TIPA activated by using the command "\usepackage{tipa}", offers a different way: "\textpolhook{a}" will produce ą.

See also

References

  1. ^ For this traditional and correct name, see e.g. Einar Haugen (ed. and trans.), First Grammatical Treatise, 2nd edition, Longman, 1972.

External links

The Basic modern Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Letters using ogonek sign Ąą Ęę Įį Ǫǫ Ųų

history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters • ISO/IEC 646

Categories: Alphabetic diacritics

 

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